Abstract. Numerous global and regional validation studies have examined MODIS snow mapping accuracy by using measurements at climate stations, which are mainly at open sites. MODIS accuracy in alpine and forested regions is, however, still not well understood. The main objective of this study is to evaluate MODIS (MOD10A1 and MYD10A1) snow cover products in a small experimental catchment by using extensive snow course measurements at open and forest sites. The MODIS accuracy is tested in the Jalovecky creek catchment (northern Slovakia) in the period 2000-2011. The results show that the combined Terra and Aqua images enable snow mapping at an overall accuracy of 91.5 %. The accuracies at forested, open and mixed land uses at thě Cervenec sites are 92.7 %, 98.3 % and 81.8 %, respectively. The use of a 2-day temporal filter enables a significant reduction in the number of days with cloud coverage and an increase in overall snow mapping accuracy. In total, the 2-day temporal filter decreases the number of cloudy days from 61 % to 26 % and increases the snow mapping accuracy to 94 %. The results indicate three possible factors leading to misclassification of snow as land: patchy snow cover, limited MODIS geolocation accuracy and mapping algorithm errors. Out of a total of 27 misclassification cases, patchy snow cover, geolocation issues and mapping errors occur in 12, 12 and 3 cases, respectively.
The paper analyzes the impacts of the spruce forest on precipitation interception and evolution of snow cover in the mountain catchment of the Jalovecký creek, the Western Tatra Mountains, Slovakia. Both processes were monitored at the elevation of 1420 m a.s.l. . Interception was measured from the end of August 2006 until November 2008 by a network of 13 raingauges. Mean interception over the studied period in forest window was 23%. Mean values for the dripping zone under tree branches, near stems of the trees and under the young trees were 28%, 65% and 44%, respectively. With exception of forest window, the interception at the same characteristic positions was highly variable. Calculated daily precipitation thresholds needed to fulfill the storage capacity of the canopy were about 0.8-0.9 mm.
Numerous global and regional validation studies examined MODIS snow mapping accuracy by using measurements at climate stations, which are mainly at grassy sites. MODIS accuracy in alpine and forested regions is, however, still not well understood. The main objective of this study is to evaluate MODIS (MOD10A1 and MYD10A1) snow cover products in a small experimental catchment by using extensive snow course measurements at open and forest sites. The MODIS accuracy is tested in the Jalovecky creek catchment (Northern Slovakia) in the period 2000–2011. The results show that the combined Terra and Aqua images enables snow mapping to an overall accuracy of 91.5%. The accuracy at forested, open and mixed land uses at the Červenec sites is 92.7%, 98.3% and 81.8%, respectively. The use of a 2-day temporal filter enables a significant reduction in the number of days with cloud coverage and an increase in overall snow mapping accuracy. In total, the 2-day temporal filter decreases the number of cloudy days from 61% to 26% and increases the snow mapping accuracy to 94%. The results indicate three possible factors leading to misclassification of snow as land: patchy snow cover, limited MODIS geolocation accuracy and mapping algorithm errors. Out of a total of 27 misclassification cases, patchy snow cover, geolocation issues and mapping errors occur in 12, 12 and 3 cases, respectively
This article describes the role of snow in the hydrological cycle in mountainous areas of central Europe (the Austrian Alps, Bohemian Massif, Western and Ukrainian Carpathians), presents a review of articles devoted to snow hydrology in the region and addresses the issues that seem to be focal areas of research in the near future. The last 60 years of snow hydrology research in central Europe, which was in many aspects comparable with research foci worldwide, provided a lot of knowledge on snow measurements, spatial and temporal distribution and modeling. However, despite continuous development of mathematical models and measurements of snow characteristics at meteorological stations and snow courses, current research seems to be mainly focused on testing new methods of obtaining snow cover data, e.g. using satellite images or terrestrial laser scanning. Combined application of snowmelt modeling, tracers and analyses of hydrological response of small catchments, especially during periods with diurnal runoff oscillations may extend knowledge on snow‐influenced runoff generation.
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