The present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-nutritional composition of the wild plants of Soon Valley, Khushab, Pakistan. Anti-nutritional components posed a high risk to health for the ruminants. So it is very important to estimate the range of anti-nutritional compounds present in the wild plants which are used as forage by the ruminants of this area. Anti-nutritional compounds, such as terpenes, tannins, saponins, phytate, alkaloid, cyanide and oxalate were analyzed. Highest terpene contents (200.33%) were showed by Digitaria sanguinalis, Erigeron divergens showed maximum alkaloid contents (0.93%) while highest cyanide value was observed in Achnatherum hymenoides (0.57%). Excluding cyanide, all anti-nutritional components showed significant variation in all plant species. The values of anti-nutrients observed in the present study are below than the toxic levels. Bulk consumption of monotypic edible parts of plant during one meal may lead to nutritional and health problems. However, traditional methods help to lower down the anti-nutritionals and their respective risks. Similarly, wild edible plants can also be used to improve the living security and thus reduce the starvation due to the millennium development goals.
Key words:Wild edible plants, anti-nutrients, oxalate, phytate, saponins, tannins
INTRODUCTIONAnti-Nutritive Factors (ANF) are compounds which are produced by different mechanisms and affect the utilization of nutrients. These are produced by inactivation of some nutrients and through normal metabolism and affect the utilization of nutrients and digestion of feed. Properties of ANF also depend on digestive process of animal because sometime ANF are degraded in rumen and not show any toxic effect on animals. In monogastric animals, trypsin inhibitor are degraded
Pteromalus schwenkei, new species is a primary parasite of bean‐weevil of the genus Bruchus (Coleoptera, Bruchidae) commonly found in the southern areas of Sind province in Pakistan. It is being described and illustrated. The parasite completes a number of generations in a year, and it successfully parasitises Bruchus spp. larvae upto 30% in field populations. The liefe history of the parasite depends upon the environmental factors like temperature and humidity as well as on the physiological conditions of the host.
Zusammenfassung
Pteromalus schwenkei (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae), ein neuer Primärparasit des Bohnenkäfers Bruchus chinensis L. in Pakistan
Die neue Parasitenart wurde in den südlichen Gebieten der Sind Provinz in Pakistan gefunden. Er wird beschrieben und abgebildet. P. schwenkei hat mehrere Generationen im Jahr und parasitiert bis zu 30% der Bruchus‐Larven. Die Grundzüge der Lebensweise und einige wichtige ökologische Faktoren werden erörtert.
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