Background: In Japan, although many new pharmacy graduates are keen to find work, the number of new job openings for hospital pharmacists is limited. In this survey, we explored the attitudes toward work among hospital pharmacists working in large group hospitals in order to help pharmacy students make informed career decisions.Methods: A cross-sectional, self-administered survey of 614 hospital pharmacists working in 66 institutions of the Tokushukai Hospital Group across Japan was conducted.Results: The proportion of usable data from surveyed pharmacists was 71.7%. Approximately 80% of the respondents desired to commit to careers in the healthcare field and were keen to gain opportunities for personal development. Personal development was the key item among reasons given for decisions about workplace and turnover. About 95% of the pharmacists surveyed were satisfied with their jobs. Compared to the job satisfaction level of other workers, that of pharmacists was considerably higher, although only 5.5% of pharmacists saw themselves staying in their current job until retirement. Job satisfaction data demonstrated significant differences among cohorts of age and years employed, although some specific items associated with job satisfaction could not be identified. Future work plans were influenced by age and job satisfaction.
Conclusion:This study suggests that pharmacists working in group hospitals nurture positive expectations for their careers. Management needs to make greater efforts to understand the professional characteristics of hospital pharmacists in order to better utilize their professional abilities and skills for patient care and for the benefit of other healthcare professionals.
Convergent synthesis of dolastatin 15 (1), a cytostatic depsipeptide isolated from the Indian Ocean sea hare, has been described. For construction of the backbone, a single-step condensation of peptide fragment 2 and pyrrolidone fragment 3 was successfully performed using 2-chloro-1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolinium hexafluorophosphate (CIP) developed by us as an efficient coupling reagent. Coupling of an N-methylamino acid on solid support was first achieved using CIP for the efficient synthesis of peptide fragment 2. The effectiveness of CIP for the coupling of N-methylamino acids in solution and on solid support were clarified by the syntheses of model di-and tripeptides.
A large-area electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma is generated by using permanent magnets and applying the whistler-mode launching of microwaves. A uniform plasma is produced with the uniformity of ±3.5% over 20 cm and ±1.8% over 16 cm in diameter; the plasma space potential is about 17 V with the uniformity of ±1% over 20 cm. The maximum ion current density is about 11.5 mA·cm-2. The purity of the produced plasma is high. No damage was found after the operation for 100 h with the microwave power of 600 W.
This paper describes an improved large-diameter electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) source which employs a strip-bar antenna. By launching a 2.45 GHz microwave near the magnetic field of permanent magnets of alternative polarity set along closed loops, an ECR plasma is produced. The source diameter is 30 cm. The characteristics of an oxygen plasma produced with this modified source are an electron density of 1.4 × 10 11 cm −3 , electron temperature of 3 eV and space potential with respect to the chamber wall of less than 20 V. A high plasma density of uniformity within ±3.8% over 30 cm is achieved.
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