INTRODUCTIONDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a highly prevalent disease all over the world. Its long-term tissue complications that affect small and large blood vessels are directly connected with the time of patients suffering from hyperglycemia. Chitosan is a polycationic copolymer consisting of β-1, 4-linked 2-acetamido-D-glucose and β-1, 4-linked 2-amino-D-glucose units. Crab and shrimp shell wastes are currently utilized as the major industrial source of biomass for large-scale production of chitosan. Chitosan which is biodegradable, non-toxic and biocompatible has been shown to be particularly useful in many fields [1] , including food, cosmetics, biomedicine, agriculture and environmental protection. Furthermore, it can be used as a bioactive material due to its biodegradable, non-toxic and non-allergenic natures. However, chitosan shows its biological activity only in acidic medium because of its poor solubility at pH above 6.5 and low absorbability of non-digestible and high molecular polysaccharides. Therefore, recent studies on chitosan have attracted interest in converting it to chitooligosaccharides(COS), because COS not only are water-soluble but also possess versatile functional properties such as antitumor enhancing properties [2,3] , immunostimulating effects [2,4] , antimicrobial activity [5] , free radical scavenging activity [6][7][8] , protective effects against infections [9] , arthritis controlling activity [10] , plant disease controlling activity [11,12] and angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory activity [13] . However, little attention has been paid to its activity in diabetes mellitus and related mode of action.In the present study, soluble chitooligosaccharides with low molecular weight were prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan with chitosanase as previously described [14] . The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of chitooligosaccharides on proliferation of pancreatic islet cells and release of insulin in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS MaterialsChitosan (minimum 90% deacetylated, Mr: 500 000) was purchased from Jinan Haidebei Marine Bioengineering Abstract AIM: To investigate the effect of chitooligosaccharides on proliferation of pancreatic islet cells, release of insulin and 2 h plasma glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. METHODS:In vitro , the effect of chitooligosaccharides on proliferation of pancreatic islet cells and release of insulin was detected with optical microscopy, colorimetric assay, and radioimmunoassay respectively. In vivo , the general clinical symptoms, 2 h plasma glucose, urine glucose, oral glucose tolerance were examined after sixty days of feeding study to determine the effect of chitooligosaccharides in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. RESULTS:Chitooligosaccharides could effectively a c c e l e ra t e t h e p r o l i f e ra t i o n o f p a n c r e a t i c i s l e t cells. Chitooligosaccharides (100 mg/L) had direct and prominent effect on pancreastic β cells and insulin release from islet cells. All concentrations of chitooli...
Background: Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is a potential treatment for chronic insomnia. We evaluated the efficacy of MBCT for insomnia (MBCT-I) by comparing it with a sleep psycho-education with exercise control (PEEC) group. Methods: Adults with chronic primary insomnia (n = 216) were randomly allocated to the MBCT-I or PEEC group. The MBCT-I included mindfulness and psycho-education with cognitive and behavioural components under cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia. PEEC included psycho-education of sleep hygiene and stimulus control, and exercises. Any change in insomnia severity was measured by the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Secondary outcomes included sleep parameters measured by a sleep diary, health service utilisation, absence from work and mindfulness measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Results: The ISI score significantly decreased in the MBCT-I group compared with the PEEC group at 2 months (i.e., post-intervention) (p = 0.023, effect size [95% CI] -0.360 [-0.675, -0.046]) but not at 5 or 8 months. Treatment response rates and remission rates based on the ISI cut-off scores were not significantly different between groups. Wake time after sleep onset (WASO) was less in the MBCT-I group at 2 and 5 months. At 8 months, both groups showed a reduced ISI score, sleep onset latency and WASO, and increased sleep efficiency and total sleep time; however, no group differences were seen. Other outcome measures did not significantly improve in either group. Conclusions: Long-term benefits were not seen in MBCT-I when compared with PEEC, although short-term benefits were seen.
Caring for a relative with dementia is extremely challenging; conventional interventions may not be highly effective or easily available on some occasions. This study aimed to explore the efficacy of mindfulness training in improving stress-related outcomes in family caregivers of people with dementia using a meta-analytic review. We searched randomized controlled trials (RCT) through April 2017 from five electronic databases, and assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane Collaboration tool. Seven RCTs were included in our review. Mindfulness interventions showed significant effects of improvement in depression (standardized mean difference: −0.58, [95% CI: −0.79 to −0.37]), perceived stress (−0.33, [−0.57 to −0.10]), and mental health-related quality of life (0.38 [0.14 to 0.63]) at 8 weeks post-treatment. Pooled evidence did not show a significant advantage of mindfulness training compared with control conditions in the alleviation of caregiver burden or anxiety. Future large-scale and rigorously designed trials are needed to confirm our findings. Clinicians may consider the mindfulness program as a promising alternative to conventional interventions.
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