Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is a variety of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET) that differs from the fact that VANETS communicates between vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside communication network. VANETs have the possibility to integrate with WiFi, Bluetooth and other connectivity protocols which makes it a new standard. The desired outcome expected from VANET is to communicate between nodes in any environment irrespective of traffic density and vehicle locations. Since vehicular communication is a part of constantly changing environment and it must also operate in urban and rural areas. Taking in mind the large number of nodes that are actually participating in these networks and also the property of high mobility between them, it has resulted in many debates about a feasible routing protocol. This paper introduces a multi-agent system approach to solve the problems faced by vehicular communications since it comprises of more than one agent solve the problem of routing, the resulting protocol gives higher efficiency and better performance on packet delivery and end-to-end packet delay.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Studies have shown that abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) in the substantia nigra is a specific pathological characteristic of PD. Abnormal accumulation of α-Syn in PD induces the activation of microglia. Microglia, which are immune cells in the central nervous system, are involved in the function and regulation of inflammation in PD by autophagy. The role of microglial autophagy in the pathophysiology of PD has become a hot-pot issue. This review outlines the pathways of microglial autophagy, and explores the key factor of microglial autophagy in the mechanism of PD and the possibility of microglial autophagy as a potential therapeutic target for PD.
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