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Summary Conventional strategies are not particularly successful in treatment of leukemia, and identification of signaling pathways crucial to the activity of leukemia stem cells will provide targets for the development of new therapies. Here we report that certain receptors containing the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) are crucial for the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Inhibition of expression of the ITIM-containing receptor LAIR1 does not affect normal hematopoiesis but abolishes leukemia development. LAIR1 induces activation of SHP-1, which acts as a phosphatase-independent signaling adaptor to recruit CAMK1 for activation of downstream CREB in AML cells. The LAIR1/SHP-1/CAMK1/CREB pathway sustains the survival and self-renewal of AML stem cells. Intervention in the signaling initiated by ITIM-containing receptors such as LAIR1 may result in successful treatment of AML.

Liquid-infused surfaces display advantageous properties that are normally associated with conventional gas-cushioned superhydrophobic surfaces. However, the surfaces can lose their novel properties if the infused liquid drains from the surface. We explore how drainage due to gravity or due to an external flow can be prevented through the use of chemical patterning. A small area of the overall surface is chemically treated to be preferentially wetted by the external fluid rather than the infused liquid. These sacrificial regions disrupt the continuity of the infused liquid, thereby preventing the liquid from draining from the texture. If the regions are patterned with the correct periodicity, drainage can be prevented entirely. The chemical patterns are created using spray-coating or deep-UV exposure, two facile techniques that are scalable to generate large-scale failure-resistant surfaces.

Cancer is a major public health problem, and is now the world's leading cause of death. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)-combination therapy is a new treatment approach and a vital therapeutic strategy for cancer, as it exhibits promising antitumor potential. Nanotargeted drug-delivery systems have remarkable advantages and allow the development of TCM-combination therapies by systematically controlling drug release and delivering drugs to solid tumors. In this review, the anticancer activity of TCM compounds is introduced. The combined use of TCM for antitumor treatment is analyzed and summarized. These combination therapies, using a single nanocarrier system, namely codelivery, are analyzed, issues that require attention are determined, and future perspectives are identified. We carried out a systematic review of .280 studies published in PubMed since 1985 (no patents involved), in order to provide a few basic considerations in terms of the design principles and management of targeted nanotechnology-based TCM-combination therapies.

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