BackgroundLow bone mineral density (LBMD), including osteoporosis and low bone mass, has becoming a serious public health concern. We aimed to estimate the disease burden of LBMD and its related fractures in 204 countries and territories over the past 30 years.MethodsWe collected detailed information and performed a secondary analysis for LBMD and its related fractures from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Numbers and age-standardized rates related to LBMD of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and deaths in 204 countries and territories were compared by age, gender, socio-demographic index (SDI), and location.ResultsGlobal deaths and DALYs number attributable to LBMD increased from 207 367 and 8 588 936 in 1990 to 437 884 and 16 647 466 in 2019, with a raise of 111.16% and 93.82%, respectively. DALYs and deaths number of LBMD-related fractures increased 121.07% and 148.65% from 4 436 789 and 121248 in 1990 to 9 808 464 and 301 482 in 2019. In 2019, the five countries with the highest disease burden of DALYs number in LBMD-related fractures were India (2 510 288), China (1 839 375), United States of America (819 445), Japan (323 094), and Germany (297 944), accounting for 25.59%, 18.75%, 8.35%, 3.29%, and 3.04%. There was a quadratic correlation between socio-demographic index (SDI) and burden of LBMD-related fractures: DALYs rate was 179.985-420.435SDI+417.936SDI2(R2 = 0.188, p<0.001); Deaths rate was 7.879-13.416SDI+8.839 SDI2(R2 = 0.101, p<0.001).ConclusionsThe global burden of DALYs and deaths associated with LBMD and its related fractures has increased significantly since 1990. There were differences in disease burden between regions and countries. These estimations could be useful in priority setting, policy-making, and resource allocation in osteoporosis prevention and treatment.
BackgroundEndocrine, metabolic, blood and immune disorders (EMBID) is a vital public health problem globally, but the study on its burden and global trends was scarce. We aimed to evaluate the global burden of disease and trends in EMBID from 1990 to 2019.MethodsWe extracted the data of EMBID-related on death cases, Age-standardized death rates (ASDRs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), Age-standardized DALY rates, years of life lost (YLLs), Age-standardized YLL rates, years lived with disability (YLDs) and Age-standardized YLD rates between 1990 and 2019 from the Global Burden of Disease 2019, by sex, age, and year at the global and geographical region levels. The Annual rate of change was directly extracted from Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) and we also calculated the age-related age-standardized rate (ASR) to quantify trends in EMBID-related deaths, DALYs, YLLs and YLDs.ResultGlobally, the EMBID-related ASDRs showed an increasing trend, whereas the DALYs ASR, YLLs ASR and YLDs ASR were decreased between 1990 to 2019. Furthermore, High-income North America and Southern Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest both ASDRs and DALYs ASR, and Southern Sub-Saharan Africa and Caribbean had the highest both YLDs ASR and YLLs ASR in 2019. Males had a higher EMBID-related ASDRs than females, but the DALYs ASR in females were higher than males. The burden of EMBID was higher in older-aged compared to other age groups, especially in developed regions.ConclusionAlthough EMBID-related ASRs for DALYs-, YLLs- and YLDs declined at the global level from 1990 to 2019, but the ASDRs was increasing. This implied high healthcare costs and more burden of ASDRs due to EMBID in the future. Therefore, there was an urgent need to adopt geographic targets, age-specific targets, prevention strategies and treatments for EMBID to reduce negative health outcomes globally.
Background The long-term and future trends in gout burden have rarely been reported. We aimed to analyze the trends in gout-related burden from 1990 to 2019 and forecast the trends from 2020 to 2050. Methods We extracted data on incidence cases, age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and age-standardized DALY rates, and calculated age-specific age-standardized rate (ASR). We also calculated the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) to quantify trends in gout-related incidence and DALYs. The ASIRs and age-standardized DALY rates were predicted to 2050 using the Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model. The 95% uncertainty interval (UI) were calculated for all the estimates. Result Persistent increasing trends in gout-related ASIRs and the age-standardized DALY rates were observed from 1990 to 2019.The trends will remain increasing until in 2050. High BMI played a more vital role in causing gout in both younger and middle-aged group, while gout in older-aged was more often caused by the kidney disfunction. Moreover, group 65 and over years old were more susceptible to gout, and males were more likely to suffer from gout than females. Conclusion Gout-related both the ASIRs and the age-standardized DALY rates are expected to increase in most regions by 2050.Thus, gout remains a worldwide public health challenge, especially in high SDI countries, where more attention and health project services are needed. Given the differences on burden of gout, future successful interventions should be based on country-, age- and sex-specific distributions so as to reduce the burden of gout.
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