A total of 850 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma seen during the last 8 years were analyzed retrospectively for survival in relation to treatment and disease stage. A new staging scheme based on tumor size, ascites, jaundice and serum albumin was used. Clearly, the prognosis depended on disease stage. The median survival of 229 patients who received no specific treatment was 1.6 months, 0.7 month for Stage III patients, 2.0 months for Stage II, and 8.3 months for Stage I. The median survival of Stage I patients who had hepatic resection (n = 115) was 25.6 months and Stage II patients with resection (n = 42) was 12.2 months. In patients who had a small cancer (less than or equal to 25% of liver area in size) the median survival was 29.0 months. Survival of the surgically treated patients, which represented a highly selected group, was better than that of medically treated patients of a comparable stage. Median survival of Stage I medically treated patients (n = 124) was 9.4 months, for Stage II (n = 290) 3.5 months, and for Stage III (n = 50) 1.6 months. Medical treatment prolonged survival in Stage II and III patients, but not in Stage I. Transcatheter arterial embolization gave a better survival compared with chemotherapy, whether intra-arterial bolus administration of mitomycin C, systemic mitomycin C, or oral/rectal tegafur, in Stage II. Among various chemotherapeutic modalities, intra-arterial bolus injection was superior to systemic chemotherapy in survival in Stage II. In Stage III, chemotherapy improved survival as compared with no specific treatment. The major causes of death were hepatic failure and gastrointestinal bleeding, probably due to the coexistent advanced cirrhosis. These results in survival are much improved over the past reports, and the differences are probably a result of earlier diagnosis and frequent hepatic resections.

The clinical features of 57 autopsied cases of intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma including 28 cases of the peripheral type (cholangiocarcinoma in the narrow sense) and 29 cases of the hilar type are described in comparison with those of hepatocellular carcinoma, with a review of the literature on the clinicopathological aspects of intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. As compared with hepatocellular carcinoma, the average age of the patients was older; the male predominance was not obvious, chronic parenchymal liver disease was infrequent in the past history, association of primary cirrhosis was seldom, cholestatic features were frequently the early signs and more pronounced during the course, the liver was enlarged to a lesser extent, ascites was less common, signs of portal hypertension were absent or minimal, a n d extrahepatic metastases were less frequent. In many respects, the hilar type resembled extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma, and the peripheral type was somewhat between it and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the overall survival was not much different from that for hepatocellular carcinoma, early diagnosis is emphasized; this would make surgical management possible. Differential diagnosis from hepatocellular carcinoma may be possible in the majority with direct cholangiography , liver scan, celiac angiography, determination of a-fetoprotein and hepatitis B antigen, and blood chemistry such as SCOT, SLDH, serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase. Illustrative cases are given including one patient with a hilar carcinoma who survived for more than 2 years after transhepatic biliary drainage.

Prognosis of 600 consecutive patients with hepatocellular carcinoma was analyzed in relation to treatment. They were divided into three stages based on four parameters of advanced disease: ascites, tumor greater than 50% of the two-dimensional size of the liver, serum albumin below 3 gm per dl, and serum bilirubin above 3 mg per dl. Stage I had none of these signs; Stage I1 one or two signs, and Stage 111 three or all signs. Of 600 patients, 98 had resection, 333 had nonsurgical treatment (1 58 treated by intraarterial chemotherapy, 94 systemic chemotherapy, 77 transcatheter embolization, and 4 others) and 169 no treatment.The median survival of untreated patients was only 1.6 months from diagnosis, and no untreated Stage I11 patient lived more than 3 months; there was a median survival of 0.7 month. Surgically treated patients lived significantly longer than nonsurgical patients of comparable stages; median survival was 19.6 months in the former and 2.8 months in the latter. Whereas Stage I patients did fairly well without treatment, chemotherapy significantly prolonged survival of patients of Stages I1 and 111. These results suggest that early diagnosis and hepatic resection improve prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the areas where this cancer frequently emerges unicentrically. In view of the generally poor prognosis, liver transplantation is recommended when resection is not possible or indicated, and before extrahepatic metastasis occurs. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of primary hepatic carcinoma and represents one of the most malignant solid tumors in terms of prognosis. It is followed in decreasing frequency by cholangiocarcinoma, mixed hepatocholangiocarcinoma, hepatoblastoma, angiosarcoma, etc. (1). There are regional differences in the clinical presentation and natural history. Advanced cirrhosis is uncommon, and the liver is often free of cirrhotic changes in South African blacks as contrasted by more frequent cirrhosis in other parts of the world where patients may present as a case of cirrhosis and HCC emerges during the follow-up (2). Despite these differences, the basic clinical features and generally poor prognosis are the same regardless of race and place. In this study, we evaluated the prognosis of patients with HCC seen and treated at major hospitals in Japan. These findings should be applicable to other parts of the world. PATIENTS AND METHODSSix hundred consecutive patients with unequivocal HCC who were admitted and followed at the First DeAddress reprint requests to: Kunio Okuda, M

Positive QFT-G results were closely associated with the presence of risk factors for LTBI in a hospital setting, suggesting that the QFT-G can detect LTBI in a population composed predominantly of BCG vaccinees. Because most HCWs worldwide have been vaccinated with BCG, the QFT-G offers a significant improvement over the TST in tuberculosis screening programs and minimizes unwarranted use of tuberculosis prophylaxis.

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The clinicopathologic features of 26 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surrounded by a grossly distinct capsule‐like fibrous tissue were studied. The frequency of this type was 10.3% among autopsy cases of HCC. The mean age of the patients was 64.1 years, which was significantly older compared with that of 143 cases of nonencapsulated HCC. Hepatitis‐B surface antigen in serum was positive in 18.7% of the cases studied, the positivity rate being lower than that of HCC in general. Histologically, the tumor was relatively well differentiated and the capsule was the product of slow expanding growth. Intravenous tumor invasion was less frequent compared with other types of HCC. Clinically, celiac angiography proves to be a most useful diagnostic method; a thick capsule may be demonstrated as a thin radiolucent rim around the mass. The clinical course from the early stage is protracted and, if detected early, this type of HCC may be removed surgically.

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