Novel BODIPY derivatives containing N,N-diphenylamine, 4-methoxyphenyl, 2,4-dimethoxyphenyl, triphenylamine, and 1-pyrene moieties were designed and synthesized for the first time by employing the palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling on pentaaryl boron dipyrromethene compounds. The effect of various moieties and charge transfer on linear and nonlinear optical absorption was investigated. It was found that moieties with strong electron donor properties and long conjugation lengths increase charge transfer and enhance intersystem crossing in the investigated compounds. Besides, the investigated compounds showed strong two photon absorption properties at near infrared wavelengths (800 nm and 900 nm), which is required for two photon photodynamic therapy. Two photon absorption cross section values were found to be 83, 454, 331, 472 and 413 GM for , , , and compounds at 800 nm wavelength, respectively. The highest two-photon absorption cross-section value was obtained for the compound containing a triphenylamine moiety due to its more efficient charge transfer characteristics. Strong two-photon absorption properties in the near infrared region, efficient intersystem crossing and heavy atom free nature of the investigated compounds make them good candidates for two photon photodynamic therapy applications. We believe that this work will be one of the leading studies for two-photon photodynamic therapy applications of pentaaryl BODIPY derivatives.
Vanadium pentoxide (V 2 O 5 ) is a highly promising material for optoelectronic applications due to its wide optical band gap, significant thermal/chemical stability, and intriguing multichromic properties. Nonetheless, the production of uniform and crackfree V 2 O 5 thin films over large areas via conventional deposition methods remain to be a challenge. In this work, we demonstrate deposition of microscopically uniform, large area (15 cm × 15 cm), nanocrystalline and multichromic V 2 O 5 thin films onto fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrates via ultrasonic spray deposition (USD) method. Thin-film formation behavior, microstructural and optoelectronic properties of the deposited films were investigated as a function of post-deposition annealing temperature. Electrochromic performance of the fabricated films up to an area of 15 cm × 15 cm was monitored using cyclic voltammetry (CV), where 3 different coloration states of V 2 O 5 were observed under different applied potentials. Electrochromic devices fabricated with the deposited V 2 O 5 thin films were found to be stable up to 1000 cycles. Results presented herein provide a new roadmap for the large area deposition of V 2 O 5 through USD method, which can be readily extended to a vast number of other functional metal oxide systems.
Materials possessing nonlinear and saturable absorptions received significant interest due to their applicability in various novel technological applications such as optical limiting, Q-switching, upconversion lasing, and mode locking. [1][2][3][4] Nonlinear optical properties of materials like nonlinear and saturable absorptions are highly affected by localized defect states that alter the bandgap energy (E g ) in the structure. These states could be altered by changing the thickness of the material, doping the material, and heat treatment and can be filled by one-photon absorption (OPA), two-photon absorption (TPA), and free carrier absorption (FCA) mechanisms. [5][6][7][8][9][10] Among these mechanisms, TPA is the dominant mechanism when a laser energy between E g /2 and E g is used.Recent studies on transition metal oxides revealed their potential for novel photonic devices using their nonlinear optical properties. [11][12][13][14][15] Among the other transition metal oxides, V 2 O 5 is one the most stable and easily synthesized material. [16,17] Various morphologies of the V 2 O 5 thin films about transition from semiconductor-to-metallic phase (SMT) were reported at a transition temperature of 257 C. [18,19] V 2 O 5 thin films can be easily deposited onto different substrates using diverse techniques such as thermal evaporation, [20] pulsed laser deposition, [21][22][23] magnetron sputtering, [24,25] chemical vapor deposition, [26][27][28][29] sol-gel process, [30,31] ultrasonic spray deposition (USD), [32] and spray pyrolysis. [33][34][35] Among all of the deposition techniques, the USD method is highly promising as it allows effective material utilization, relatively low deposition cost, and deposition under atmospheric conditions. Typical applications of V 2 O 5 thin films include but are not limited to gas sensors, [36,37] catalysis, [38] electrochromics, [39,40] and optoelectronic applications. [41] Although there are numerous studies on the diverse properties of V 2 O 5 in the literature, [42][43][44][45][46][47] in contrast, only a few studies reported the nonlinear optical properties of V 2 O 5 . Nonlinear absorption characteristics of V 2 O 5 and Na-doped V 2 O 5 nanoparticles prepared by solution combustion were investigated by Molli et al. and Pradhan et al., respectively. [48,49] Mousavi et al. reported third-order nonlinear optical properties of V 2 O 5 nanoparticles doped with Co, [50] and Ravinger et al. reported thickness-dependent nonlinear absorption characteristics of the V 2 O 5 thin films produced by sol-gel. [51] In this work, the effects of annealing on nonlinear absorption, nonlinear refractive, and optical limiting behaviors of ultrasonic
People with diabetes require regular blood sugar level monitoring, using commercial enzyme-based biosensors. There is a considerable need to develop biosensors with nonenzymatic electrodes to eliminate the drawbacks of enzymes. Nanostructured nickel oxide (NiO) thin films are highly promising materials for the development of nonenzymatic glucose and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) biosensors. Although the biosensor performance can be easily attained with nonenzymatic electrodes, their commercialization still requires development of cost-effective and mass-production methods. In this work, we demonstrate the use of ultrasonic spray deposited, nanometer-thick, manganese and cobalt doped NiO (Mn:NiO and Co:NiO) films on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates for glucose sensing. Sensor characterization followed detailed materials characterization. Nanometer-thick Co:NiO film electrodes showed better glucose sensor performance than those of bare NiO and Mn:NiO electrodes. High sensitivity of 1.67 μA/μM•cm 2 , a low detection limit of 231 nM, and a fast response time of 5.4 s within the linear range of 16−308 μM were obtained from nanometer-thick Co:NiO film electrodes. Amperometric measurements showed significant electrode reproducibility and stability. Nanometer-thick Co:NiO film electrode was also used to demonstrate actual clinical glucose measurements using human blood serum as a glucose source. Moreover, all fabricated nanometer-thick film electrodes were also utilized as H 2 O 2 sensors. This work provides a novel approach for monitoring the biosensor performance using nanometer-thick doped NiO film electrodes. Obtained results demonstrated the potential of ultrasonic spray deposition method for the massproduction of high-performance nonenzymatic nanometer-thick film biosensors.
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