Dengue is present in 128 countries worldwide and is still expanding. There is currently no treatment or universally approved vaccine available. Therefore, prevention and control of mosquito vectors remain the most efficient ways of managing the risk of dengue outbreaks. The Stegomyia indices have been developed as quantitative indicators of the risk of dengue outbreaks. However, conflictual data are circulating about their reliability. We report in this article the first extensive study on Stegomyia indices, covering 78 locations of differing environmental and socioeconomic conditions, climate, and population density across Indonesia, from West Sumatra to Papua. A total of 65,876 mosquito larvae and pupae were collected for the study. A correlation was found between incidence and human population density. No correlation was found between the incidence of dengue and the Stegomyia indices.
Chikungunya is repeatedly affecting Indonesia through successive outbreaks. The Asian genotype has been present in Asia since the late 1950s while the ECSA-IOL (East/Central/South Africa - Indian Ocean Lineage) genotype invaded Asia in 2005. In order to determine the extension of the circulation of the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in Indonesia, mosquitoes were collected in 28 different sites from 12 Indonesian provinces in 2016-2017. The E1 subunit of the CHIKV envelope gene was sequenced while mosquitoes were genotyped using the mitochondrial cox1 (cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1) gene to determine whether a specific population was involved in the vectoring of CHIKV. A total of 37 CHIKV samples were found in 28 Aedes aegypti, 8 Aedes albopictus and 1 Aedes butleri out of 15,362 samples collected and tested. These viruses, like all Indonesian CHIKV since 2000, belonged to a genotype we propose to call the Asian-Pacific genotype. It also comprises the Yap isolates and viruses having emerged in Polynesia, the Caribbean and South America. They differ from the CHIKV of the Asian genotype found earlier in Indonesia indicating a replacement. These results raise the question of the mechanisms behind this fast and massive replacement.
One of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) transmission risk factors is presence of vectors, especially Aedes aegypti. Vector surveillance is carried out to determine vectors distribution, vector density and risk of transmission. The larva survey is a common and easy vector surveillance method. This study aims to describe the cases and deaths due to DHF and entomological indicators in Java. This study was further analysis of Special Research Disease of Vector and Reservoir (Rikhus Vektora). Data collection was conducted in 2016 - 2018. The study locations were five provinces on Java Island i.e. East Jawa, West Jawa, Banten, DI Yogyakarta, DKI Jakarta and three districts were each taken. The data of DHF cases and entomology were analyzed descriptively. The results of the study show that the last two years were 50% districts experienced an increase in DHF cases and 38.9% an increase in deaths. The highest house index was 50% and lowest was 9%, highest larval free rate was 91% and lowest was 50%. The highest container index was 26.48%, lowest was 3.68%, and the highest breteau index was 67, lowest was 11. As many as 73.3% districts have the most water containers were buckets and 26.7% most water containers were bathtubs. Java Island has a medium to high potential region toward DHF transmission occurs. Increased knowledge and skills for eradication mosquito correctly by individually and community needs to be planned and implemented sustainable, to increase community participation as well.
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