Currently a large number of, geographers and representatives of related sciences claim to have created integrated environmental concepts . This applies, inparticular, to the concepts of "environmental science", "sociogeosystems", "anthropogenic landscape", "eco-geosophia", etc. All of them confirm the importance of solving the global environmental problem, and the need to unite scholars in all specialties. There is a significant revival of interest in the integral essence of geography, especially among anthropogeographers. This testifies to the fundamental unity of geographical science without its distinct division into natural and social geography, which divides the discipline up into a plethora of specific objects and subjects. Anthropogeographers have come to understand that the earth's space was initially organized by Nature itself. Mankind from the Neolithic Age has transformed his use of nature into the noosphere. If before the Neolithic revolution there still existed natural landscapes on the surface of the planet , then the Neolithic populations of Homo sapiens started to actively change the environments they inhabited. Approximately then, the search for ways to justify such, often destructive, intervention began. Such a change in the landscape was brought about by man, which encouraged scientists unwittingly to develop an "intentional paradigm", according to which the methodology of each science tries to take into account the role of man not only as a component of nature, but as its researcher. Even Strabo having realized the many-sidedness of human existence on our planet, already in ancient times, considered himself "not a geographer, not a historian, but a philosopher." Hettner, with his idea of "embedding" into the earth's space of all things, considered the object of studying geography this very earthly space with objects and phenomena that filled it and interacted with each other. According to Hettner, the connections between them have a landscape causal nature. To such systems of geobjects, Hettner also related human society. The idea of "through" was found in the works of our contemporary physicist and geographer Aleksey Reteyum, who discovered integral (socio-natural) spatial entities on the surface of the planet ("choriones" and "sphragids"), once again proving the "right to exist" of the noosphere suggested by Volodymyr Vernadsky. At present, it is geographers who must create an adequate concept of the environment, which is not yet developed in completed form. Its final design will require the rejection of the mechanistic perception of the world, divided into objects and subjects of research. It is geographers who should identify in time and space such integrated environmental systems (socio-natural systems, whose subsystems can be natural landscape systems and sociogeosystems), which are shaped as a result of the joint development of nature and society. Prospects for the productive development of environmental science are related to the concept of noosphere ecosystems.
The descent of avalanches is quite a usual phenomenon for the Ukrainian Carpathians, as well as for the conditions of mountain terrain in general. The Gorgany range of the Carpathian mountains is a typical avalanche-prone territory. Avalanches cause significant damage to forestry and may lead to casualties. Therefore, descent of avalanches has for a long time been a subject of fundamental research in geomorphology, meteorology, topography, photogrammetry and GIS technologies. Using photogrammetric mapping, we analyzed the causes of the descent of one of the largest avalanches in the Ukrainian Carpathians for the past 15 years. The avalanche fell from Poliensky mountain in the Gorgany mountain range in 2006, causing destruction of a great amount of forest. The main causes of avalanches were divided into two groups, the first including more or less stable factors caused by impact of terrain and somewhat less by solar radiation and the second group comprising meteorological factors, such as prolonged snowstorms and snowfall, that is, different fluctuations in weather. The main attention was paid to the first group of factors. For this purpose, a digital terrain model (DTM) of the study area was developed, visualizing the terrain, demonstrating the studied slope of the mountain along which the avalanche slid. According to the digital model, we developed maps of the steepness andexposition of the slope. Also we calculated the coefficient for solar radiation incident on the slope and which depends on the height of the Sun above the horizon and the coordinates of the slope. Using these data, the illuminance map of the Poliensky mountain area was developed. Studies conducted using GIS technologies led to the conclusion that the determining factors that triggered the powerful avalanche from Poliensky mountain were the great steepness and length of the slope, as well as the absence of forest at the top of the mountain, i.e. at the beginning of the avalanche track.
Today is characterized by a dialectical combination of opposite processes in the development of science - differentiation, expressed in the emergence of new analytical, sectoral disciplines, and integration, which consists of the design of synthetic, complex disciplines mainly at the frontiers of science. One of the relatively young synthetic geographic disciplines is geosophy, which originated about a hundred years ago at the boundary of geography and philosophy. The object of geophysical research is human space, that is, space perceived and conceived by man. For a hundred years, this scientific discipline has undergone a difficult path of development, due to both internal, expressed in the nature of the discipline itself, and external (ideological, geopolitical, etc.) factors. Nowadays, post-non-classical methodological approaches are becoming more widely used in geosophy - besides geosophical, it is noospheric, synergistic, eco-evolutionary and passionate. They are based on a fundamentally new relationship between the subject and the research object, qualitatively different from what has traditionally been recognized as classical and non-classical geography. One feature of post-non-classical approaches is subject-object convergence. In particular, the content of the geophysical approach is to consider geographical features as totals that represent the interpenetrating unity of the mineral, organic and human components. Possibilities of its application exist in almost all sections of geography. A special place among the theoretical and methodological foundations of science is metatheoretical provisions - scientific developments that substantially go beyond this science. An essential feature of metatheory as an important attribute of science is its integrating role, both internally (enhancing systemic links between particular branches of science) and external (establishing and strengthening interdisciplinary links between the sciences of one cycle). Formation of metatheory involves the use of theoretical foundations, methods, approaches, evidence of other sciences, which has a verifiable, reflective, integrative and ideological significance. One of the main ones in all geography is the category of landscape. The ambiguity of its interpretation attests to the fundamental importance of this concept, its exceptional role in the knowledge of the Earth’s surface as a multidimensional reality. From the diversity of landscape understandings, two basic concepts stand out. The content of one of them, dating back to the 19th century, is to see the landscape as a general picture of the terrain, which from the point of view is interpreted as totality. From other positions, designed in the early twentieth century, the landscape is understood as a real existing natural material object, characterized by genetic homogeneity, the presence of vertical and horizontal structure and clearly defined boundaries. The coexistence of the aforementioned landscape concepts and the search for possibilities of combining them is one of the important theoretical problems of modern geography, in particular, geosophy.
Здійснено огляд наукової літератури з проблеми поширення фітоінвазій в Україні. Встановлено, що в межах Центрально-Придніпровської височинної області зростає 25 видів інвазійно активної деревної рослинності. Виявлено, що серед них найчастіше трапляються айлант найвищий, клен американський, акація біла, карагана деревовидна. Серед трав'яних інвазійних рослин найпоширенішими є борщівник Сосновського, золотушник канадський, амброзія полинолиста, ваточник сирійський. На території Козачанського лісництва ДП "Звенигородське лісове господарство", що є ключовою ділянкою в дослідженні, виявлено 4 види деревних і 12 видів трав'яних інвазійних рослин. Вони мають переважно задовільний стан поширення, що становить загрозу для екосистем. Зауважено, що деякі з інвазійних видів є трансформерами, які не тільки витісняють деякі аборигенні види, а й своєю життєдіяльністю змінюють умови довкілля. Наприклад, деякі рослини мають здатність змінювати хімічний склад ґрунту. Нові умови приваблюють інші невластиві цій місцевості види, і як наслідок, зазнає змін уся екосистема. Відзначено, що з усіх адвентивних видів, які ростуть у Центрально-Придніпровській височинній області, виділено п'ятнадцять таких, що несуть особливу загрозу лісовим культурам регіону. Частина проаналізованих видів у згаданому регіоні тепер перебуває у стадії експансії. Адвентивними видами рослин, що трапляються на деяких лісових ділянках у невеликій кількості, є амброзія полинолиста та ґринделія розчепірена. Наголошено, що ефективним засобом боротьби з фітоінвазіями є ретельний обробіток ґрунту під лісові культури та догляд за ним до змикання крон саджанців. Це істотно впливає на зменшення розростання трав'яних рослин та поліпшення мінерального живлення дерев, а отже – на ріст і продуктивність штучних насаджень. Зауважено, що в лісових насадженнях різного віку трав'яна рослинність є головним конкурентом деревних рослин за вологу та елементи мінерального живлення. Особливо це помітно в молодих лісових культурах, а з віком негативний вплив зменшується неістотно. Результати проведених досліджень свідчать про негативний вплив адвентивних трав'яних рослин на приживлюваність, ріст і розвиток, а також біологічну стійкість і продуктивність лісових культур Центрально-Придніпровської височинної області.
The currency of evolution of researching alien flora from the beginning of its systematic studies to our time is analyzed. It is stressed on some regularities of its development. Six stages of research development of the marked fraction of the flora and phytoinvasions are separated. It is marked that on the first stage which lasted from the beginning of the XX-th century to the end of the World War I, theoretical fundamentals of studying alien flora are created with the same-time providing a couple of regional researches. The most famous researchers of this period whose works made an influence to further development of the alien flora research are M. Rikli and A. Thellung. On the second stage (between two world wars) relatively not numerous studies mostly on the macroregional level are realized. The works by M. I. Kotov dedicated to the alien flora of Ukraine played an outstanding role on this stage of researches. The third stage (the second half of 1940-th – 50-th years) was characterized by growing of quantity of the studies and deeping their theoretical fundamentals. The works by W. Kreh that had a theoretical and methodological context were the most significant on this stage. The fourth stage (60-th years) was signed by creating developed classifications of invasive species. The most perfect throw them was a classification created by J. Kornaś that didn’t lose its significance to today. The main contents of the fifth stage (70–90-th years) was appearance of numerous publications of the results of the studies on the meso- and microregional levels. An outstanding place throw them occupies the studies of Ukrainian scholar V. V. Protopopova that fully characterized the alien flora of the bigger part of the territory of Ukraine and perfected the classification of invasive species by J. Kornaś. On the sixth, current, stage, from the one side, regional studies of phytoinvasions are actively lasting; from the other side, the theoretical base of studying alien flora is optimizing. Especially, the conclusive works of Ukrainian researchers S. L. Mosyakin and M. V. Shevera and foreign scientists P. Pyšek, M. Davis, C. Thompson, J. Falk-Petersen, T. Bohn, O. Sandlund and others dedicated to issues of terminology of invasive floristics have an important significance. Lists of the alien species complicated by S. L. Mosyakin and M. M. Fedoronchuk and also G. Kasperek have an important scientific significance. As a perspective direction of next research may be studying phytoinvasions on the level of regions of Ukraine and also enforcing emphasis on the study of geographical aspects of alien flora distribution
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