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In this study, Salmonella prevalence and antimicrobial resistance were evaluated at various production stages in 2 geographically separated breeder farms (referred to as G and F). Day-old chicks for the breeder flock at farm F were purchased from farm G. A total of 219 Salmonella isolates, all identified as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis, were recovered from 1,430 samples (sick chicken carcasses and/or dead embryos). The isolation rates at breeder farms G and F were 10.53% (56/532) and 18.15% (163/898), respectively. Resistance to 4-6 antimicrobial agents was the most frequent phenotype during the laying stage at both farms, suggesting that chicks are exposed to higher risk of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella infection during this stage of the breeding process. Using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) typing, 5 CRISPR patterns were identified, out of which one pattern was shared by the 2 farms. In addition, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing result indicated that 2 clusters (PF-1 and PF-2) were shared among the 2 breeder farms, suggesting that strains were transmitted from breeder farm G to farm F via the trade of day-old chicks. Our findings suggested that the trade of day-old breeder chicks could be one of the potential Salmonella transmission routes, and antibiotics should be administered with caution during the laying stage.

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The logic function based on memristor has been proved and can be applied to the future large scale integrated circuits. In this paper, we use logic circuit based on memristor to realize the function of eight-person voter. The basic logic circuit designed in this paper is consisted of two Hewlett-Packard memristors in series connection and an operational amplifier. Operational amplifiers are used to regulate the output voltages to meet the requirements of the input signals in the next stage circuits. The adder, binary comparator and multi-input logic gate are realized by using the designed logic circuit. Full adders, binary comparators and multi-input logic gates are combined into eight-person voter circuit. Theoretical analysis and spice simulation results verify the feasibility of the circuit under different cases. This method is expected to be applied to more complex voter logic circuits based on memristor.

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