Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently occurring malignancy tumors with a high morbidity additionally, CRC patients may develop liver metastasis, which is the major cause of death. Despite significant advances in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, the survival rate of colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) patients remains very low. CRLM, as a complex cascade reaction process involving multiple factors and procedures, has complex and diverse molecular mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms/pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment of CRLM. We also focus on an overview of the recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of CRLM with a special emphasis on tumor microenvironment and promise of newer targeted therapies for CRLM, further improving the prognosis of CRLM patients.

The study demonstrated the capacity of women for proper self-evaluation of their skin type. It also suggests a potential link between nutritional factors such as spicy and/or sweet diets and oily skin as well as between sensitive and oily skin in this population.

A 28-year-old man presented at our clinic with 1-month history of an ulcer covered with crust on his left anterior tibia. Based on the morphological features and molecular identification, the patient was diagnosed as cutaneous alternariosis caused by Alternaria arborescens. He was successfully cured by oral itraconazole and topical use of 0.25% liposomal amphotericin B. A review of published studies revealed 29 cases of cutaneous alternariosis. Most cases (90%) occurred in immunosuppressed patients; itraconazole (59%) and voriconazole (24%) are the most effective treatments of choices.

Dear Editor, Melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) are three major types of skin cancer. Among them, melanoma is the most severe form and accounts for~4% of all newly diagnosed cancers annually in the United States. It is estimated that approximately 9500 people are diagnosed with skin cancer every day, and more than 1 million Americans are living with melanoma. Melanoma treatment is still a major challenge in the clinic. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is composed of targeted ablation and immune activation, is less invasive than other therapies and has been widely used in the treatment of various cancers. However, the limitation of light penetration is an issue in PDT for deep cancer treatment. 1 To overcome this limitation and enable PDT for deep cancer treatment, researchers have proposed X-ray-induced PDT 1 and nanoparticle self-lighting PDT, 2 and these techniques have become intensively studied topics. Recently, Chen et al. 3 invented a new sensitizer called copper-cysteamine (Cu-Cy) that can be activated by UV, 4 X-rays, 5 microwave, 6 and ultrasound 7 to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to destroy cancer cells as well as bacteria. 8 As ROS generation by Cu-Cy nanoparticles (NPs) is not solely activated by regular light, it is more appropriate to call it oxidative therapy (OT) rather than PDT. Cu-Cy NPs of an average size of 96 nm have been tested for skin cancer treatment. 9 It was found that these Cu-Cy NP-based X-PDT exhibited a strong antitumor effect towards SCC. However, B16F10 melanoma was resistant to these Cu-Cy NP-based X-PDT, both in vitro and in vivo. 9 Size is known to be a sensitive factor influencing nanomaterial properties and performance. To further evaluate the effect of Cu-Cy NP-based X-PDT on melanoma, we applied particles with an average size of~40 nm for the treatment of melanoma, as the 40 nm Cu-Cy NPs have a larger surface area than other NPs, thereby producing more ROS. 10 In addition, the cell uptake is higher for the 40 nm NPs. As expected, the 40 nm Cu-Cy NPs were very effective in inhibiting melanoma under X-ray stimulation. These observations confirmed that the combination of Cu-Cy and X-rays facilitated cell apoptosis and/or necrosis of B16 cells. More interestingly, this combination promoted the formation of the antitumor immune response. These results suggest that Cu-Cy NPs can simultaneously facilitate radiotherapy, oxidative therapy, and immunotherapy for melanoma treatment, as illustrated in Fig. 1a. The distribution of Cu-Cy was assessed by confocal fluorescence microscopy. As shown in Supplementary Fig. S1, the uptake of Cu-Cy NPs in the nucleus after 6 h was substantially increased compared to that after 2 and 4 h of incubation. Next, the cytotoxicity was measured to assess the efficacy of Cu-Cy on B16 cells by the CCK8 viability assay. After incubation with various amounts of Cu-Cy for 24 h, the cells were irradiated with X-rays at

We report a rare case of kerion celsi of the scalp caused by Microsporum gypseum in a boy 1 month after he received dermatoplasty for a scalp injury from a road accident. Species identification was performed by observation of morphologic and biochemical characteristics and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) 1 and 2. Treatment with oral terbinafine and topical naftifine-ketoconazole cream after washing the hair with ketoconazole shampoo was effective.