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One new dioxolanone derivative, guignardianone G (1) and twelve known compounds (2–13) were isolated from the 95 % ethanol extract of the plant endophytic fungus Phyllosticta capitalensis cultured in rice medium. Among these known compounds, isoaltenuene (3), brassicasterol (7), 5,6‐epoxyergosterol (8), citreoanthrasteroid A (9), demethylincisterol A (10), and chaxine C (11) were reported from Phyllosticta sp. for the first time. The structure of 1 was elucidated by 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR experiments and HR‐ESI‐MS data analysis, and its absolute configuration was established through the comprehensive use of the methods of modified Mosher methods, calculations of ECD spectra and optical rotation values. The neuroprotective activity of compounds (1–9, 11–13) were evaluated on PC12 cells damage induced by glutamate, and compounds 9 and 12 showed potential neuroprotective activities with half effective concentration (EC50) of 24.2 and 33.9 μM, respectively.

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