Effect of whey protein isolate (WPI) as a partial substitution of milk solids not fat (MSNF) in ice cream formula was investigated by replacing 1, 2, 3 and 4% of mix solid not fat. Mixes and resultant ice cream samples were evaluated for their chemical, physico-chemical, as well as the sensory quality attributes. There was no remarkable effect of adding WPI as partial substitution of skim milk powder (SMP) on total solids or fat percentages, while total protein, ash, and lactose content were significantly affected. Specific gravity was affected with the ratio of substitution in both mixes and resultant ice cream and therefore the weight per gallon and overrun percent was significantly changed in the samples. Also, freezing point of resultant ice cream was affected by implementing WPI in ice cream mix. However, the ice cream became smoother and highly acceptable by replacing MSNF with WPI up to 3%. From the data obtained, it could be recommended that ice cream can be produced with high quality by substituting MSNF with WPI up to 3%.
Nigeria is faced with incessant conflicts largely associated with key common land resource users (farmers and pastoralists). Recently, ceaseless eruption of violent conflicts between farmers-pastoralists is closely associated with common land resource equitable access, especially over farmland trespassing, conversion of grazing reserves and routes. As both farmers and pastoralists have coexisted for a long time, the complexities over the land-use system have dramatically changed. These sorts of conflicts are highly characterized with loss lives, destructions of properties, cattle theft, destructions of farmlands, etc. The present study has attempted to examine some common allegations as well as unveiling the realities regarding these recent occupational conflicts in Nigeria. This is empirical study that is qualitative in nature which depends on both primary and secondary data. However, the primary data collected were collected through focus group discussions whereas the secondary data were generated from both published as well as unpublished governmental, non-governmental, peer reviewed studies, etc. This study revealed that curtailing these conflicts require proper understanding of various common allegations, accusations and realities by both common resource patrons as well as their respective authorities. These misconceptions that needed to be properly understood include; the fear of marginalisation and loss of identity, growing demands for food and shelter, illiteracy, inequitable common resource access, notion of indigenes and settlers, ethno-religious affiliations of these conflicts, cattle rustling, conversion of grazing routes, farmland trespassing, etc. The understanding of these allegations and realities will provide necessary background towards proposing appropriate modalities for curbing these conflicts from key patron perspectives. Lastly, the study suggested the adoption of user inclusive participatory institutional arrangement and provisions by all tiers of Government through heavy fine and sections.
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