BackgroundPatchouli alcohol (PA) is a tricyclic sesquiterpene extracted from Pogostemonis Herba, which is a traditional Chinese medicine used for therapy of inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have shown that PA has various pharmacological activities, including anti-bacterial and anti-viral effects.MethodsIn this study, the anti-influenza virus (IAV) activities and mechanisms were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. The inhibitory effects of PA against IAV in vitro were evaluated by plaque assay and immunofluorescence assay. The neuraminidase inhibition assay, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, and western blot assay were used to explore the anti-viral mechanisms. The anti-IAV activities in vivo were determined by mice pneumonia model and HE staining.ResultsThe results showed that PA significantly inhibited different IAV strains multiplication in vitro, and may block IAV infection through inactivating virus particles directly and interfering with some early stages after virus adsorption. Cellular PI3K/Akt and ERK/MAPK signaling pathways may be involved in the anti-IAV actions of PA. Intranasal administration of PA markedly improved mice survival and attenuated pneumonia symptoms in IAV infected mice, comparable to the effects of Oseltamivir.ConclusionsTherefore, Patchouli alcohol has the potential to be developed into a novel anti-IAV agent in the future.
Owing to the emergence of drug resistance
and high morbidity and
mortality, the need for novel anti-influenza A virus (IAV) drugs with
divergent targets is highly sought after. Herein, we reveal the discovery
of an anti-IAV agent as a dual inhibitor to block hemagglutinin-mediated
adsorption and membrane fusion using a chemoreactive ortho-quinone methide (o-QM) equivalent. Based on the o-QM equivalent nonenzymatically multipotent behavior, we
created a series of clavatol-derived pseudo-natural products and found
that penindolone (PND), a new diclavatol indole adduct, exhibited
potent and broad-spectrum anti-IAV activities with low risk of inducing
drug resistance. Distinct from current anti-IAV drugs, PND possesses
a novel scaffold and is the first IAV inhibitor targeting both HA1
and HA2 subunits of virus hemagglutinin to dually block the IAV adsorption
and membrane fusion process. More importantly, intranasal and oral
administration of PND can protect mice against IAV-induced death and
weight loss, superior to the effects of the clinical drug oseltamivir.
Thus, the use of chemoreactive intermediates could expand our understanding
of chemical diversity and aid in the development of anti-IAV drugs
with novel targets.
A formula is presented for the ring arranged axial field Halbach permanent magnet, which is designed for an electrodynamic suspension experimental system. The formula is based on a two dimensional (2-D) analytical analysis. The analytical solution is compared with the FEM and measured data of the practical magnet.Index Terms-Axial field, Halbach, Maglev, permanent magnet.
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