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The energy efficiency for electric vehicle battery is affected by many factors. Through the definition of energy efficiency we find the relationship between energy efficiency, voltage efficiency and coulomb efficiency. The factors such as current, internal resistance, SOC and temperature which affect coulomb efficiency and voltage efficiency, will affect energy efficiency as well. An equation is given to show how internal resistance and current influence the energy efficiency. The relationship between these factors and energy efficiency was analyzed through theory and experimental data. This will show ways to increase battery energy efficiency and improve the battery performance.

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Abstract:The implementation of demand response (DR) could contribute to significant economic benefits meanwhile simultaneously enhancing the security of the concerned power system. A well-designed carbon emission trading mechanism provides an efficient way to achieve emission reduction targets. Given this background, a virtual power plant (VPP) including demand response resources, gas turbines, wind power and photovoltaics with participation in carbon emission trading is examined in this work, and an optimal dispatching model of the VPP presented. First, the carbon emission trading mechanism is briefly described, and the framework of optimal dispatching in the VPP discussed. Then, probabilistic models are utilized to address the uncertainties in the predicted generation outputs of wind power and photovoltaics. Demand side management (DSM) is next implemented by modeling flexible loads such as the chilled water thermal storage air conditioning systems (CSACSs) and electric vehicles (EVs). On this basis, a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model for the optimal dispatching problem in the VPP is established, with an objective of maximizing the total profit of the VPP considering the costs of power generation and carbon emission trading as well as charging/discharging of EVs. Finally, the developed dispatching model is solved by the commercial CPLEX solver based on the YALMIP/MATLAB (version 8.4) toolbox, and sample examples are served for demonstrating the essential features of the proposed method.

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