Analysis of the key factors affecting the energy efficiency of batteries in electric vehicle

Lu, Rengui; Yang, Aochi; Xue, Yuncan; Xu, Lichao; Zhu, Chunbo

doi:10.3390/wevj4010009

Cited by 51 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Although the non-optimized round-trip energy efficiencies reported here (21% -34%) appear low at first glance (lithium ion batteries for mobile applications can achieve round-trip efficiencies in excess of 99% [35], for example), many technologies considered more suitable for grid-scale deployment (e.g. compressed air energy storage, redox flow and sodium sulfur batteries) only achieve round-trip efficiencies of 60-75% [5], which is consistent with a strategic target of 65% articulated by the U.S. Department of Energy [3].…”

Section: Concentration Battery Performance and Directions For Optimizmentioning

confidence: 83%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Energy storage by reversible electrodialysis: The concentration battery

Kingsbury

Chu

Coronell

2015

Journal of Membrane Science

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Section: Concentration Battery Performance and Directions For Optimizmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Energy efficiency can be represented as the product of a current efficiency η I (-) and a voltage efficiency η V (-) as given by [35] …”

Section: Battery Performance: Round-trip Energy Efficiency Power Denmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy storage by reversible electrodialysis: The concentration battery

Kingsbury

Chu

Coronell

2015

Journal of Membrane Science

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“…It is the ratio of energy released at discharge over energy consumed during charge. For constant current experiments, it can also be calculated by multiplying the coulombic efficiency and voltage efficiency

η_{RTE} = \frac{\int_{0}^{t_{d}} I_{d} U_{d} italicdt}{\int_{0}^{t_{c}} I_{c} U_{c} italicdt} = η_{CE} η_{VE}

where subscripts d and c stand for discharge and charge, respectively.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of an environmentally benign acid base flow battery at high energy density

Egmond

Saakes²,

Noor³

et al. 2017

Int J Energy Res

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SummaryAn increasing fraction of energy is generated by intermittent sources such as wind and sun. A straightforward solution to keep the electricity grid reliable is the connection of large-scale electricity storage to this grid. Current battery storage technologies, while providing promising energy and power densities, suffer from a large environmental footprint, safety issues, and technological challenges. In this paper, the acid base flow battery is re-established as an environmental friendly means of storing electricity using electrolyte consisting of NaCl salt. To achieve a high specific energy, we have performed charge and discharge cycles over the entire pH range (0-14) at several current densities. We demonstrate stable performance at high energy density (2.9 Wh L −1 ). Main energy dissipation occurs by unwanted proton and hydroxyl ion transport and leads to low coulombic efficiencies (13%-27%). Although the CGFB has low environmental impact, energy density and power density are too low to be attractive for practical application. KEYWORDSIn this work, we show that the energy density and power density of the CGFB can be improved by implementing a bipolar membrane. The studied system is an energy storage system based on a reversible acid-base reaction. In this system called acid base flow battery (AB-FB), energy is being stored in acid and base solutions created by the bipolar membrane. The charge step of the AB-FB is similar to the well-known bipolar membrane electro dialysis (BPM-ED). BPM-ED converts NaCl solutions into NaOH and HCl solutions by spending electric power to separate protons and hydroxyl ions from water dissociation from the bipolar ----------------------------------------------------This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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“…The coulombic efficiency ( η C ) can be described as the ratio between the capacity input during charge ( Q chg ) and the capacity output during discharge ( Q dis ), as shown in Equation , knowing that I chg is the constant current during charging, t chg is the charging time, I dis is the constant current during discharging and t dis is the discharging time .

η_{C} = \frac{Q_{normaldis}}{Q_{c h g}} = \frac{I_{dis} . t_{dis}}{I_{normalc normalh normalg} . t_{normalc normalh normalg}}

…”

Section: Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries Characteristics and Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Vanadium redox flow batteries: a technology review

Cunha

Martins

Rodrigues

et al. 2014

Int. J. Energy Res.

255

140

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SUMMARYFlow batteries have unique characteristics that make them especially attractive when compared with conventional batteries, such as their ability to decouple rated maximum power from rated energy capacity, as well as their greater design flexibility.The vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) seem to have several advantages among the existing types of flow batteries as they use the same material (in liquid form) in both half-cells, eliminating the risk of cross contamination and resulting in electrolytes with a potentially unlimited life.Given their low energy density (when compared with conventional batteries), VRFB are especially suited for large stationary energy storage, situations where volume and weight are not limiting factors. This includes applications such as electrical peak shaving, load levelling, UPS, and in conjunction with renewable energies (e.g. wind and solar).The present work thoroughly reviews the VRFB technology detailing their genesis, the basic operation of the various existing designs and the current and future prospects of their application. The main original contribution of the work was the addressing of a still missing in-depth review and comparison of existing, but dispersed, peer reviewed publications on this technology, with several original and insightful comparison tables, as well as an economic analysis of an application for storing excess energy of a wind farm and sell it during peak demand. The authors have also benefited from their background in electric mobility to carry out original and insightful discussions on the present and future prospects of flow batteries in mobile (e.g. vehicle) and stationary (e.g. fast charging stations) applications related to this field, including a case study.Vanadium redox flow batteries are currently not suitable for most mobile applications, but they are among the technologies which may enable, when mature, the mass adoption of intermittent renewable energy sources which still struggle with stability of supply and lack of flexibility issues

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Analysis of the key factors affecting the energy efficiency of batteries in electric vehicle

Cited by 51 publications

References 1 publication

Energy storage by reversible electrodialysis: The concentration battery

Energy storage by reversible electrodialysis: The concentration battery

Performance of an environmentally benign acid base flow battery at high energy density

Vanadium redox flow batteries: a technology review

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