The world is entering a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene, where humans are believed to be responsible for having as much of an impact on the earth's system as geological processes themselves. 1 Given rapid anthropogenic change, scientists have defined a "safe operating space" for planetary systems, referred to as the nine planetary boundaries, that if exceeded could be disastrous for the earth and humanity. These are climate change, biodiversity loss, ocean acidification, the nitrogen and phosphorous cycles, chemical pollution, land use change, global freshwater use, and stratospheric ozone depletion. These planetary boundaries encapsulate the systems that have maintained the relatively stable environmental conditions in which humanity has thrived over the last 10,000 years. 2 These stable conditions have also enabled the growth of food and farming systems to an unprecedented level, characterized by the escalation of industrial agriculture. Agriculture is not only dependent on biodiversity, freshwater, a reliable climate, and adequate nitrogen, phosphorous and other essential elements, but is also a significant driver of negative change in Earth systems. Industrialized agriculture, which is highly reliant on external inputs, contributes to chemical pollution through the use of pesticides and herbicides, changes nitrogen and phosphorous cycles through the addition of synthetic fertilizers, and typically relies on irrigation, thereby impacting freshwater stocks. It is also energy intensive, emitting almost one-third of all greenhouse gases, including methane, thereby contributing to climate change. 3
Resumo No presente artigo teórico-empírico, busca-se contribuir para os Estudos Organizacionais trazendo para o debate os movimentos sociais, em especial o movimento agroecológico, que tem se constituído como meio de resistência à hegemonia do agronegócio no Brasil. O estudo estabelece também uma “ponte” teórico-empírica não convencional, neste campo disciplinar, entre estudos em estética e abordagem neogramsciana de discurso em Laclau e Mouffe. Desse modo, à luz dos conceitos de estética e da análise neogramsciana de discurso em hegemonia e antagonismo, investigou-se de que forma as expressões estéticas influenciam a construção da contra-hegemonia no movimento agroecológico brasileiro. A pesquisa adota uma metodologia com enfoque qualitativo na análise de desenhos produzidos por agricultores e agricultoras no III Encontro Nacional de Agroecologia (III ENA), denominados de Painéis de Facilitação Gráfica. Ao final, é possível observar que a estética dos painéis do III ENA permitiu aos agricultores e agricultoras a (re)construção de suas visões de mundo, a divulgação de suas inquietações, realidades e alternativas agrícolas locais, e, principalmente, a orientação de práticas, propostas e legitimação do movimento, que passaram a ser centrais aos valores contra-hegemônicos e na construção de um inimigo comum. A complexidade expressa nas relações construídas nos painéis também ressaltou que a estética pode trazer uma perspectiva efetiva, acessível e sensível na construção das visões de mundo de grupos subalternos. Dessa forma, o movimento agroecológico brasileiro, construído também na perspectiva estética, revela-se como importante ator na resistência à hegemonia do agronegócio e ao modelo capitalista.
Purpose The purpose of the paper is to problematize the resistance role played by international environmental non-governmental organizations (IENGOs) in the governance debate over genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to sustain that some of them are important actors in global environmental governance due to their resistance to transnational corporations. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents a reflection on the literature review focused on civil society and IENGOs. Accordingly, the political role of IENGOs in GMO governance is highlighted grounded on the negotiation process of the Cartagena Protocol. At the end, the authors stress that some IENGOs act as resistance actors to corporations’ practices. Findings The investigation of the political role played by the IENGOs in the negotiation process of the Cartagena Protocol highlighted that these actors use information to influence decision-makers and power holders, often providing know-how and material resources to local activists and social movement organizations at the domestic level. As a result, the political role played by IENGOs in GMO governance places these international actors as highly influential on the international business (IB) domain. Originality/value This paper highlights the importance of IENGOs as resistant actors in what regards corporations’ practices. The authors also sustain that the relationships between states, corporations and civil society actors at the governance level should be part of IB’s research agenda to advance the understanding of how civil society mobilizes, articulates and produces consent and coercion in the international domain. Therefore, the paper contributes to foster actors and voices from the margins as a relevant IB research topic.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.