Honeybee vitellogenin (Vg) transports pathogen fragments from the gut to the hypopharyngeal glands and is also used by nurse bees to synthesize royal jelly (RJ), which serves as a vehicle for transferring pathogen fragments to the queen and young larvae. The proteomic profile of RJ from bacterial-challenged and control colonies was compared using mass spectrometry; however, the expression changes of major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs) in hypopharyngeal glands of the honeybee Apis mellifera in response to bacterial ingestion is not well-characterized. In this study, we investigated the expression patterns of Vg in the fat body and MRJPs 1–7 in the hypopharyngeal glands of nurse bees after feeding them live or heat-killed Paenibacillus larvae. The expression levels of MRJPs and defensin-1 in the hypopharyngeal glands were upregulated along with Vg in the fat body of nurse bees fed with live or heat-killed P. larvae over 12 h or 24 h. We observed that the expression patterns of MRJPs and defensin-1 in the hypopharyngeal glands and Vg in the fat body of nurse bees upon bacterial ingestion were differentially expressed depending on the bacterial status and the time since bacterial ingestion. In addition, the AMP genes had increased expression in young larvae fed heat-killed P. larvae. Thus, our findings indicate that bacterial ingestion upregulates the transcriptional expression of MRJPs in the hypopharyngeal glands as well as Vg in the fat body of A. mellifera nurse bees.
Apidermins (APDs) are known as structural cuticular proteins in insects, but their additional roles are poorly understood. In this study, we characterized the honeybee, Apis mellifera, APD 2 (AmAPD 2), which displays activity suggesting antimicrobial properties. In A. mellifera worker bees, the AmAPD 2 gene is transcribed in the epidermis, hypopharyngeal glands, and fat body, and induced upon microbial ingestion. Particularly in the epidermis of A. mellifera worker bees, the AmAPD 2 gene showed high expression and responded strongly to microbial challenge. Using a recombinant AmAPD 2 peptide, which was produced in baculovirus-infected insect cells, we showed that AmAPD 2 is heat-stable and binds to live bacteria and fungi as well as carbohydrates of microbial cell wall molecules. This binding action ultimately induced structural damage to microbial cell walls, which resulted in microbicidal activity. These findings demonstrate the antimicrobial role of AmAPD 2 in honeybees.
A new green home designed to save money while at the same time saving the environment with some of the finest green features available in the market. Composite column composed of structural steel and structural glued laminated timber is avery Eco-friendly building products for design building because that use recycled or second hand. For compare to compressive strength of structural glued laminated timber (glulam), structural steel, and composite column (steel-glulam), tested compressive strength of each specimen. 1) structural glued laminated timber : Theoretical compressive strength is 151.6 kN similar to elastic limits. 2) structural steel (H type) : Theoretical compressive strength is 148.2 kN little under the elastic limits. 3) structural steel (D type) : Theoretical compressive strength is 147.3 kN upper than the elastic limits. 4) composite column : Actual elastic limits are about 600 kN. Result in, composite column improve compressive strength of Structural steel column and provide structural stability of the building.
Despite Korea forest take 63.7% of the nation's territory, productivity of domestic structural lumber is low. Studies of domestic small lumbers need to be improved domestic structural timber productivity. In this study, small diameter lumber and finger joint small diameter lumber took bending test to calculate MOE and MOR. MOE of small diameter lumber was 9.3 kN/mm 2 and MOE of finger joint small diameter lumber was 15.4 kN/mm 2 . Allowable standard bending stress of small diameter lumber and finger joint small diameter lumber was calculated according to ASTM D 2915. Standard allowable bending stress of small diameter lumber was 12 N/mm 2 and standard allowable bending stress of
Venoms from venomous arthropods, including bees, typically induce an immediate local inflammatory response; however, how venoms acutely elicit inflammatory response and which components induce an inflammatory response remain unknown. Moreover, the presence of superoxide dismutase (SOD3) in venom and its functional link to the acute inflammatory response has not been determined to date. Here, we confirmed that SOD3 in bee venom (bvSOD3) acts as an inducer of H2O2 production to promote acute inflammatory responses. In mouse models, exogenous bvSOD3 rapidly induced H2O2 overproduction through superoxides that are endogenously produced by melittin and phospholipase A2, which then upregulated caspase-1 activation and proinflammatory molecule secretion and promoted an acute inflammatory response. We also showed that the relatively severe noxious effect of bvSOD3 elevated a type 2 immune response and bvSOD3 immunization protected against venom-induced inflammation. Our findings provide a novel view of the mechanism underlying bee venom-induced acute inflammation and offer a new approach to therapeutic treatments for bee envenoming and bee venom preparations for venom therapy/immunotherapy.
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