Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) which employs ultrasound‐triggered sonosensitizers to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been proved to be effective for treatment of cancers. However, it is still desirable for sonosensitizers to be delivered to tumors as effectively as possible. In this study, we prepared the hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME)‐loaded liposome as the sonosensitizers for SDT and evaluated their effects on human MCF‐7 breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Liposomes prepared by thin film hydration technique were about 100 nm in size with positive zeta potential and exhibited spherical in shape. Following irradiation of ultrasound which generates intracellular ROS, the liposome facilitated the delivery of HMME to tumor cells. HMME‐loaded liposomes showed low cytotoxicity under basal condition but significant sonodynamic effects under ultrasonic irradiation. Notably, HMME‐loaded liposomes exhibited spatial distribution of HMME in tumor tissues of mice. The promoted delivery of HMME into the tumors by liposomes was shown by the greater tumor growth inhibition than free HMME after 20‐day treatment. Taken together, these results show that HMME‐loaded liposome functions as a promising sonosensitizer for SDT, implying the efficient antitumor effects of HMME‐based SDT on breast tumor.
Supercomputing on the heterogeneous architectures that integrate multi-core or many-cores processors has been developed at a dramatically speed. It is widely used in theoretical physics, theoretical chemistry, climate modeling, biology simulation and medicine research for high-performance and energy-efficient computing. Yet it is still a big challenge to users when trying to run their scientific applications efficiently on large-scale supercomputers constructed by using heterogeneous multiprocessors. On the other hand, overhead cost issues of a large supercomputer for its resource managements, job scheduling, and system reliability become more and more important. In this paper, LPFSC, a light weight parallel framework for supercomputing, is presented, which helps programmers in planning their tasks on a supercomputer. In a huge supercomputer system, there might be a hundred of thousands of nodes, over a million processor cores and many other kinds of processors, general main-slave computing mode can hardly handle the huge amount of heterogeneous processors. LPFSC consists of modules for multiple master-slave support, load balance among huge amount computing tasks, and reliability support. Additional features will be added in the near future and it is supposed to provide good support for large heterogeneous computer systems. Finally, large amount tasks of 2D-FFT in varying size are tested under the framework for evaluation, which can scale to more than 300 processors.
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