Consequences of Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) in patients with rheumatic diseases (RDs) are clinically diverse. SARS-CoV-2 infection has been associated with various autoimmune and rheumatic manifestations over the past three years. Emerging evidence points to the possibility of Long COVID predisposition in rheumatic patients due to the changes in immune regulatory response. The aim of this article was to overview data on the pathobiology of Long COVID in patients with RDs. Related risk factors, clinical characteristics, and prognosis of Long COVID in RDs were analyzed. Relevant articles were retrieved from Medline/PubMed, Scopus, and Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). Diverse mechanisms of viral persistence, chronic low-grade inflammation, lasting production of autoantibodies, endotheliopathy, vascular complications, and permanent tissue damage have been described in association with Long COVID. Patients with RDs who survive COVID-19 often experience severe complications due to the immune disbalance resulting in multiple organ damage. Regular monitoring and treatment are warranted in view of the accumulating evidence.
Background Comorbidities attract enormous attention amid the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Mapping knowledge based on these clinical conditions is increasingly important since the pandemic is still raging and primarily affecting subjects with chronic diseases and comorbidities. Clinical presentation and complications of COVID-19 are still hot topics which are explored in numerous evidence-based publications. The aim of this study was to analyze Scopus-indexed COVID-19 papers covering comorbidities. Methods Searches through the Scopus database were performed on September 19, 2022 using the following keywords: “Diabetes mellitus” OR “Cardiovascular Diseases” OR “Rheumatic Diseases” OR “Obesity” OR “Malignancies” AND “COVID-19.” All retrieved articles were analyzed using the following categories: document type, authorship, keywords, journal, citation score, country of origin, and language. Using the software tool VOSviewer version 1.6.18, we visualized the network of authors and keywords co-occurrence of the most prevalent comorbidities reported in connection with COVID-19. Results Reports on COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus (DM) were most frequently published (n = 12,282). The US was the most productive country (n = 3,005) in the field of COVID-19 and comorbidities. There were 1,314 documents on COVID-19 and rheumatic diseases which is the least number in comparison with other comorbidities (COVID-19 and DM: 12,282, COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease: 9,911, COVID-19 and obesity: 7,070, and COVID-19 and malignancies: 1,758). Conclusion This mapping of COVID-19-related documents in connection with comorbidities may prioritize future research directions.
Background. Nowadays, diabetes mellitus is defined as one of the global medical and social problems and shows a growing tendency. The purpose of the study was to analyze the dynamics of endogenous intoxication in experimental diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods. The experiments were performed on 88 white male Wistar rats weighing 170-210 g. Animals were divided into three groups: 1 - intact; 2 - control; 3 - experimental with a model of diabetes mellitus, which was reproduced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin by “Sigma" company (USA), diluted in 0.1 M citrate buffer with a pH of 4.5, at a rate of 60 mg/kg body weight. The control group of animals received an intraperitoneal injection with an equivalent dose of 0.1 M citrate buffer solution with a pH of 4.5. All studies were performed under thiopental-sodium anesthesia at a rate of 60 mg/kg body weight. To determine endogenous intoxication, blood sampling of middle mass molecules (MMM) was performed 14, 28, 42 and 70 days after the streptozotocin injection. Detection of MMM fractions was performed by spectrophotometer «SF46» at the wavelength of 254 nm (MMM254) and 280 nm (MMM280). The STATISTICA 10 program was used for statistical processing of the obtained results. Results. The conducted biochemical studies of blood serum showed that in animals with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus there was an increase in the content of both MMM fractions compared to the similar indicators of the control group of animals at all stages of the experiment: in the 14 days increased by 32,9% - MMM254, by 12.7%- MMM280, in the 28 days increased by 44,3 % MMM254, by 34,0 % MMM 280, in the 42 days increased by 62,8 % MMM254, by 64,8 % MMM280, in 70 days increased by 76,1 % MMM254, by 81,1% MMM280. Conclusions. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus is accompanied by an increase in the level of endogenous intoxication which is manifested by an increase of both MMM fractions content in serum. The severity of endogenous intoxication depends on the duration of the endogenous factor.
In the pathogenesis of many diseases, including diabetes mellitus, cytokines play a crucial role. It is known that cytokines are the regulators of intercellular and intersystem interactions, ensuring the consistency of the actions of the endocrine, immune, and nervous systems under standard conditions and in response to pathogenetic factors, and are involved in the development of autoimmune processes. It was established that proinflammatory cytokines, namely tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 play a significant role in the loss of insulin-producing function by beta cells of the islets of Langerhans, as well as are implicated in the formation of insulin resistance in peripheral tissues. The aim is to study the dynamics of the content of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the blood serum of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Materials and methods The experiments were performed on 88 white male Wistar rats weighing 170–210 g, which were kept on a standard diet with free access to water. Animals were divided into three groups: 1 – intact (n=10); 2 – control (n=40); 3 – experimental (n=38) with a model of diabetes mellitus, which was reproduced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin by "Sigma" company (USA), diluted in 0.1 M citrate buffer with a pH of 4.5, at a rate of 60 mg/kg body weight. The control group of animals received an intraperitoneal injection with an equivalent dose of 0.1 M citrate buffer solution with a pH of 4.5. Serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were determined by rat enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Rat ELISA Kits (Elabscience, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions 14, 28, 42 and 70 days after streptozotocin injection. To assess the reliability of data changes in dynamics (14, 28, 42, 70 days) within each of the comparison groups, a non-parametric method was used (for three or more comparison groups) - Friedman's analysis of variance and Kendall's coefficient of concordance (Friedman ANOVA and Kendall's W). Results Conducted biochemical studies of blood serum showed that in animals with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, there was an increase in the content of proinflammatory cytokines at all stages of the experiment. In particular, TNF-α increased by 11.8% in 14 days, 34.4% in 28 days, 59.1% in 42 days and 80.1% in 70 days after the start of the experiment. An increase in the level of IL-1β was observed in the blood serum at the same time. In 14 days, the content of this cytokine increased by 22.5%, in 28 days increased by 40.2%, in 42 days increased by 72.8%, in 70 days increased by 107.2%. Along with this, we also observed an increase in the activity of IL-6 levels. In 14 days, in the blood serum, the IL-6 level was increased by 17.5%, in 28 days by 33.2%, in 42 days by 60.6% and after 70 days by 94.9% compared to the control group of animals. The analysis of the dynamics of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in blood serum under conditions of experimental diabetes indicates their unidirectional changes. Conclusions The conducted studies showed that pro-inflammatory cytokines play a leading role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus: TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, which is indicated by a significant increase in the levels of such cytokines in blood serum at all stages of the experiment. The most pronounced changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines levels are observed at 70-day.
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