In Indonesia, the river water quality has been determined based on Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 22 of 2021. This study aimed to determine the quality of surface water from the Damsari, Jabawi, Kleblow, and Komba Rivers in Jayapura Regency based on the monitoring data from 2016 to 2019. The CCME-WQI method is used to determine the status of rivers based on river water quality standards (class 1 to class 4). The results of the study showed that the parameters of water temperature, TDS, pH, NH 3 , NO 3 -, SO 4 -2 , surfactant, oil/grease, Cr-(IV), Mn, Fe, Fecal Coliform, and Total Coliform were still in accordance with the quality standard. Meanwhile, TSS, COD, BOD, Total Phosphate, Hg, and Ni have exceeded the water quality standard, where the dominant pollutant source is an anthropogenic waste. On the basis of the WQI average value, the four rivers are not suitable as a source of drinking water ). The Jabawi River can be used as a recreational facility, but it must be under special management (Fair; 69.75), while the other three rivers are not suitable (Marginal; 52.00 -61.67). The Jabawi and Komba Rivers are in the Fair category (75.50 and 69.33) to support aquatic life, while the Damsari and Kleblow Rivers are in the Marginal category (59.00 and 61.25). The water quality of the four rivers is very good and suitable to be used as a water source for irrigation (Good category; 80.00 -88.00). The strategies for controlling river water pollution and increasing the role of the government, stakeholders, and the community are needed.
Malaria is the first killer as well as endemic disease in highland, lowland and coastal areas of Papua. In 2016 there were 160 thousands cases noted and 80% of the cases were caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Total sample for this study were provided by a clinical trial conducted from May to June 2018 in the regional hospital of Puncak Jaya, Wamena, located in the highland region of Papua. Positive blood samples was collected in a ethylene diaminetetra acetic acid (EDTA) tube. DNA was extracted using method of Geneaid Genomic DNA Mini Kit (Blood/Cultured Cell). The primary reactions used a set of primer corresponding to the conserved regions of block 2 of msp1. The second reactions primer set targets specific allelic families of msp1 (K1, MAD20 and RO33). All polymerase chain reaction amplicons were analyzed by electrophoresis in a 1.0% agarose gel. A total of 26 blood samples of positive P. falciparum were analyzed, 24 (93.2%) were successfully amplified for msp1. The MAD20 allelic family was predominant with 20.8% (8/24), followed by the RO33 allelic family with 8.2% (2/24) and the K1 allelic family with 1/24 (4.2%). The frequency of single allele is 11/24 (45.8%) while multi-allele are 16/24 (66.7%) with K1/RO33, MAD20/RO33, K1/MAD20/RO33 respectively 2/24 (8.3%), 8/24 (33.3%) and 6/24 (25%).
The genetic diversity of typical clinical isolated Plasmodium falciparum in the malaria population varies greatly, especially at the location where malaria disease were recorded at high incidence rate. MSP2 is known as glycoprotein expressed on the surface of merozoites, which is an antigenic protein and has a potential to act as vaccine candidate for malaria. The MSP2 gene has two main allelic groups called FC27 and 3D7/IC. Block 3 from MSP2 gene is the most polymorphic to describe the diversity of parasite populations. The P. falciparum parasite population is often characterized by wide genetic diversity in areas of high transmission intensity. Therefore, the study on P. falciparum diversity is useful to describe the level of malaria transmission. The study of genetic diversity focused on clinical isolated species at Wamena General Hospital was aimed to determine the presence of the MSP2 gene, variety of MSP2 gene allele and the dominant frequency of the MSP2 gene allele. This research has been carried out from March 2018 to February 2019 using a cross sectional approach. The research sample was taken and prepared from Wamena Regional Hospital and followed by the analyzing of DNA isolation, PCR, electrophoresis of the research samples was done at the genetic science laboratory in Jakarta, Indonesia. The samples studied were patients who met the inclusion criteria, namely a single P. falciparum infection with an asexual parasite density >1000 parasites/µl or >3+ (1-10 P/Lp), and were agreed to become respondents by signing an informed consent. A total of 26 clinical isolates of P. falciparum were isolated with the MSP2 gene distribution on the FC27 allele with the highest as many as 25 samples (96.2%), 22 samples (84.6%) of the 3D7 / IC allele while the mixture of the two alleles was 22 samples (84.6%). From a total of 26 samples, there were samples with the male gender category counted for 77.3% and female 41%. The results of the identification of clinical isolated P. falciparum at Wamena Hospital with a total of 26 samples were found in productive age, between 15-34 years with a single allele (95.8%), while 23 cases and mix (both alleles 87.5%) about 21 cases, meanwhile in cases of before-productive age, in which ages were 12 and 14 years of age with a single allele 100% (FC27) 2 cases and 50% (3D7/IC) found to be 1 case, The mixture of the two alleles is 50% was only 1 case and there was no sample at non-productive age observed. Key words: Malaria; MSP-2; P. falciparum; Wamena
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