Development of endotokia matricida and emergence of originating infective juveniles from maternal cadavers were comparatively investigated in vivo and in vitro for Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema glaseri, and S. carpocapsae. In the host insect Galleria mellonella larvae, endotokia matricida develop more fast and frequently in the 1st to 3rd generation females of the heterorhabditid than of the two steinernematids. The ratio of females bearing endotokia matricida increased with the increase of the inoculum size from 25 to 1,600 per host insect. The infective juveniles produced via endotokia matricida emerged mainly from natural openings of the maternal cadavers for the two steinernematid nematodes, while those of the heterorhabditid did mainly transcuticularly. Under in vitro conditions, induction rate of endotokia matricida was higher in RINGER'S solution than on nutrient agar amended with or without the symbiotic bacteria of respective nematode species. Jpn. J. Nematol. 31 (1/2) : 26-36 (2001).

No abstract

Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) is a tuber crop native to the tropics that belongs to the Araceae family. Porang is a potential tuber crops that has been known in Indonesia for a long time, but the value of its product has not been widely disclosed. The planting area covers over 45,000 ha with East Java as the main production areaMadiun-East Java has a long and the oldest history of porang cultivation in Indonesia and has great potential for porang development. Characterized and officially released its local cultivar as an official released cultivar would protect the local germplasm and can be used as a basis for character improvement. Porang Madiun 1 cultivar has morphological characteristics of compound leaf type, dark green-green leaf color. The color of the leaf edges is pink, but as the age of the plant increases, the leaf edges turn white. Porang leaf surface smooth-wavy, hairless. The edges of porang leaves are smooth- wavy, depend on sunlight intensity. Stem shape was round, stem color was green with white spots and longitudinal lines, The pattern of spots on the stems has a sparse density, with the color of the stems varying depending on the age of the plant. Shape of bulbil was irregular round with various size. Average corm weight of Madiun 1 was 0.1 kg for first year porang plant, 0.4 kg for second year porang plant, and 1.6 kg for third year it became 1.6 kg with the average number of bulbils 1.8, 4.9, and 16.7, respectively

Infectivity and post-infection development were investigated at 25°C for infective juveniles (IJs) which originated via endotokia matricida in hermaphrodites and/or female adults of the entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema glaseri and S. carpocapsae. The IJs spontaneously emerging out of larval cadavers of Galleria mellonella were designated as normal IJs and used as comparison. Nematode invasion was the most prompt and numerous for normal IJs, followed by IJs produced via endotokia matricida in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation adults of the three nematode species examined. Post-infection development and reproduction of nematodes also occurred more promptly and numerously when inoculation was made with normal IJs. The insecticidal activity of IJs originating from endotokia matricida was inferior to that of normal IJs which retained a significantly higher density of symbiotic bacteria than the former IJs of the respective nematode species. The IJs reproduced in and emerged out of host cadavers showed similar pathogenicity and bacterial retention, irrespective of the origin of the IJs used as inocula.

No abstract

Abstract. Yusnawan E, Inayati A, Baliadi Y. 2019. Isolation of antagonistic fungi from rhizospheres and its biocontrol activity against different isolates of soil borne fungal pathogens infected legumes. Biodiversitas 20: 2048-2054. Soilborne diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium sp. are biotic limits for legume production. Biological controls offer environmental friendly control for these pathogens. This study aimed to isolate and screen Trichoderma from different rhizospheres and to obtain effective Trichoderma isolates to suppress in vitro growth of the soil borne pathogens. The antagonistic inhibitory activity was performed by dual culture method. Seven out of forty indigenous Trichoderma isolates collected from East Java, Indonesia effectively suppressed the growth of different fungal isolates, namely Rhizoctonia solani (R.s1), R. solani (R.s2) as well as Fusarium sp. which infected soybean and mung bean. In vitro study showed different suppression of the pathogens on dual culture tests. The seven isolates inhibited the growth of R. solani (R.s1), R.solani (R.s2) and Fusarium sp. ranging from 90.0 to 99.6%, 72.8 to 82.4%, and 67.9 to 90.8%, respectively. Isolate origin and genetic variability of Trichoderma played an important role in the antagonistic activity. The fast-growing of selected Trichoderma showed their abilities for space occupation and nutrition competition, which involved in the antagonistic activity. The mycelial growth of Trichoderma over pathogens showed hyperparasitism mechanism. In addition, coiling of Trichoderma over hyphal pathogens was observed during microscopic observation. The seven Trichoderma isolates, therefore, are promising as biological control agents against the soil borne fungi infected legumes.

Journal of Agricultural Science www.agrivita.ub.ac.id quality of the yield (Sosa-Gómez et al., 2019). To overcome pest attacks on soybeans should use the concept of integrated pest control (IPM), by using resistant varieties, technical culture, the use of natural enemies, the use of synthetic biopesticides and chemical pesticides. From the various components, biological control is an important component because of its roles as a key ecosystem service of IPM (Naranjo, Ellsworth, & Frisvold, 2015). Usually, the use of chemical pesticides become the first control attempt because chemical pesticides result quickly impact on the pest population. However, this pest control has side effects, such as poisoning in humans and animals, decreasing natural enemies, the emergence of resistance and resurgence of the pests, and environmental pollution (Carvalho, 2017; Damalas & Koutroubas, 2016; Nicolopoulou-Stamati, Maipas, Kotampasi, Stamatis, & Hens, 2016). Beside, insecticide resistance appears if the control relies exclusively on the use of classical chemical insecticides (Snodgrass & Scott, 2003).

<p class="teks">Tumpangsari (TS) kedelai dengan padi gogo atau jagung merupakan salah satu strategi meningkatkan luas panen dan produksi kedelai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan model tanam TS padi gogo (pg)+ kedelai (kd) dan TS jagung (jg)+ kedelai (kd) yang optimal. Penelitian dilaksanakan di IP2TP Kendalpayak mulai Oktober 2018 hingga Januari 2019. Perlakuan terdiri atas kombinasi empat model tanam  dengan dua varietas kedelai (Dega 1 dan Dena 1) termasuk pemupukannya pada TS pg+kd dan TS jg+kd. Varietas padi gogo dan jagung berturut-turut Inpago 10 dan Bima 19. Model tanam (M) pada TS pg+kd terdiri atas: M1: 75% pg + 91% kd tanpa pupuk, M2: 37% pg + 91% kd tanpa pupuk, M3: 37% pg + 152% kd dipupuk 23-36-30 kg/ha N, P, K + 1 t/ha pupuk kandang (pukan), dan M4: 18% pg+72% kd dipupuk 23-36-30 kg/ha N, P, K + 1 t/ha pukan. Padi gogo ditanam bersamaan dengan kedelai, dengan dosis pemupukan 144,5-52,5-52,5 kg/ha N, P, K + 1 t/ha pukan. Model tanam pada TS jg+kd terdiri atas: M1: 150% jg ditanam 3 minggu setelah kedelai + 114% kd dipupuk 38-15-15 kg/ha N, P, K, M2: 150% jg + 114% kd dipupuk 107-15-15 kg/ha N, P, K + 2,5 t/ha pukan, M3: 150% jg + 227% kd dipupuk seperti pada M2, dan M4: 52% jg + 70% kd dipupuk 23-36-36 kg/ha N, P, K + 1 t/ha pukan. Dosis pemupukan jagung 167,5-52,5-52,5 kg/ha N, P, K + 1 t/ha pukan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model tanam optimal pada TS padi gogo + kedelai adalah Model 1 dan Model 2 menggunakan kedelai varietas Dega 1, dengan keuntungan masing-masing Rp9.086.500 dan Rp8.896.500/ha. Model yang optimal pada TS jagung + kedelai adalah Model 1 menggunakan kedelai varietas Dega 1 dengan keuntungan Rp20.121.400/ha. Masing-masing model tanam tersebut mempunyai keunggulan dalam hal produktivitas dan perolehan keuntungan dibandingkan model lainnya yang diuji. Oleh karena itu, pada TS padi gogo + kedelai dengan Model 1 atau Model 2 atau pada TS jagung + kedelai dengan Model 1 lebih dianjurkan menggunakan kedelai varietas Dega 1 dibandingkan Dena 1.<br /><br /></p>