The article touches upon the problems of water structure, its unique biological and physical properties that continue to raise a vital interest among the scientists. The of structured water has no admixtures, it has much in common with biological liquids within the cells of animals and plants. Molecules of structured water are not randomly scattered, but stick together to make a single structure. Following the assessment of the effective use of structured biologically active water, first applied in the course of studying the aquarium fish, a positive effect of structured water on growth rates was noted in trout and carp, as well as in sturgeon (sterlet). Negatively charged structured water takes its biostimulating effect on fish, which can be seen in better surviving, caviar fertilizing, faster growth of young fish, reduced load of pathogenic micro flora on organism of aquatic life. It has been stated that structured water has a positive effect in other areas of agriculture. In poultry farming the effectiveness of structured water can be seen in improved organogenesis and functioning of all organ systems in ducks and chickens, increased productivity and improved quality of grown products, reduced morbidity and, consequently, mortality of poultry using structured water. Application of activated/structured water when raising birds and animals allows minimizing antibiotics, growth stimulants, vitamins and minerals. Treatment of grain and vegetable seeds with structured water before sowing can significantly increase germination, increase productivity and improve products quality.
The article considers a method to obtain environmentally friendly aquaculture products (red tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus × Oreochromis niloticus) by adding the probiotic preparation Ecoflor to the balanced mixed feed. The probiotic component of the preparation formed by several strains of bifid and lacto bacteria gives the prepa-ration ability to improve the intestinal microflora of fish, activate the immune system, remove unfavorable microflora formed by metabolic products, heavy metals, radionuclides, toxins and metabolites, increase the rate of formation and accumulation of biomass of beneficial microflora in the digestive tract of fish. In the Aquaculture Technical Center under Astrakhan State Technical University there were grown 4 groups of red tilapia, 15 species in each group. Three experimental groups were fed with compound feed with the addition of probiotic Ecoflor by 2, 4 and 6 g/kg. The results were compared between the experimental groups, as well as with the control. It has been proved that feeding red tilapia with balanced mixed fodders with the addition of the immobilized probiotic preparation “Ecoflor” at a dose of 4 g/kg of feed helps to activate the protective functions of the body, normalize the metabolic processes, optimize digestive processes. The absolute increase in the group that received food with a probiotic at a dose of 4 g/kg of feed was 7.7 more than in the control. It significantly exceeded the increase in other experimental groups, which allows reducing feed costs to 1.1 units. The use of the developed compound feed in the cultivation of red tilapia makes it possible to obtain eco-friendly fish bio-products even if the waters used for fish breeding are polluted.
The efficiency of modern aquaculture largely depends on the properties of the feed used. High-quality compound feed should be used by the body to the maximum extent, stimulate its growth and development, and contribute to the environmental safety of the food products produced. To obtain additional gains in body weight, increase the digestibility and assimilability of feed, stimulate nonspecific immunity and save feed costs, immunobiological preparations based on live bacteria are currently introduced into the composition of feed for animals, including fish. One of the most promising immunobiological preparations based on live bacteria is the probiotic "Ferm-KM" containing phyto-microsorbent particles, live bacillus cells and metabolites: strains Bacillus subtillis, Bacillus licheniformis, complex of lactic acid bacteria and products of their metabolism. The article presents the results of the use of the probiotic "Ferm-KM" in the composition of the production compound feed for sturgeon fish. It was found that when two-year-old Russian sturgeon are grown on a production compound feed with the addition of a probiotic, the fish-breeding and biological parameters of fish increase and the physiological and biochemical parameters of blood improve. The optimal rate of introducing probiotic into the composition of the production compound feed for commercial growing of sturgeon fish is 5 g / kg of compound feed. The effectiveness of introducing a probiotic preparation "Ferm-KM" with an immunomodulatory effect into the composition of compound feed for sturgeon fish has been proved, which helps to increase the linear-weight gain of fish and improve blood parameters.*
The paper describes the experiments on evaluating the effect of complex additive based on shellfish flour on the physiological state of sturgeon fingerlings, which were conducted in the laboratories of Astrakhan State Technical University. Feeding was conducted with starting and productive feedstuff, according to branch standard recipes. As crab flour contains a large amount of protein, 10% fish flour was substituted for the complex additive. The experiments were conducted in reservoirs with temperature control. Evaluation of the cultivation results showed that in the pilot group the mass of Russian sturgeon fingerlings was higher than in the control group, using preventive additives that contributed to the correct growth of skeleton. In the pilot group the number of species with symptoms of scoliotic illness was lower, while in the control group this figure was relatively high. Evaluation of physiological state revealed the positive effect of complex additive on the blood characteristics of reared fingerlings of Russian sturgeon. It should be pointed out that in general physiological parameters of fish were within normal standards, however in the control variant there were signs of anemia, hemoglobin was registered at the lower range limit. Whereas for the fish fed with preventive feedstuff this factor was slightly increased. Biochemical analysis revealed higher concentration of protein in fish grown on feedstuff with complex additive. There was recorded a different amount of fat in the flesh of Russian surgeon fingerlings: in the species fed with preventive additive it was 14.1, while in the species of the control variant it was relatively higher - 16.7. The liver of fish who received food with complex additives was morphologically consistent with the norm and had a homogeneous granular consistency, with no signs of fat accumulation in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. The liver of fish in the control group had a loose consistency and mosaic color, with distinct fatty dystrophy. Thus, the biologically active food additive has had a positive impact on the growth and evolution of Russian sturgeon fingerlings.
The article focuses on the study of changeability of morphological and physiological characteristics of 850 specimens of beluga ( Huso huso ) and sturgeon ( Acipenser gueldenstaedtii ) juveniles obtained at the Ikryaninskiy and Bertyulskiy sturgeon hatcheries in the Astrakhan region. There was determined weight of the body, heart, liver and spleen, as well as the relative mass of these organs - cardiosomatic, hepatosomatic indices and index of a spleen. Sturgeon juveniles were studied within 47-127 days, beluga juveniles within 40-116 days. Certain tendency was noted: cardiosomatic index decreased with aging in both sturgeon and beluga, i.e. the relative weight of the heart in ontogenesis changes inversely to the body weight, which corresponds to literature data. Comparison of the dynamics of the liver relative weight in sturgeon and beluga juveniles showed that it coincides at two segments: maximum raise to 50-60ths day from the birth and a gradual decrease in older juveniles. The value of spleen index in juveniles of both types rose with aging. It was found in the course of the study that the size of internal organs could change, getting smaller under unfavorable factors, in particular, when juveniles suffer from the lack of feeds. In such circumstances the dynamics of developing main internal organs drastically slows down, which reflects on physiological adequacy (quality) of juveniles. Thus, morphological and physiological indicators characterizing the degree of the vitals development can be used not only for characterizing species differences of the investigated group of fish at all stages of ontogenesis, but as important factor for assessing conditions of Russian sturgeons juvenile breeding and the degree of morphological and physiological maturity of the juveniles before releasing into the natural water body.
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