Tolvaptan is effective for the treatment of massive edema caused by NS. Larger studies are needed in the future to fully assess the value and safety of tolvaptan use for this condition.
These findings indicate that increased urinary neopterin may reflect macrophage activation and active inflammation within the kidney in immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis. Neopterin may thus represent a useful biomarker of immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis in the clinical setting.
Although rituximab (RTX) is a promising therapeutic agent for treating steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) resistant to various immunosuppressive agents, some patients have shown resistance to RTX. We report the case of a patient with RTX-resistant nephrotic syndrome and SRNS who was successfully treated with leukocytapheresis (LCAP). After LCAP, there was a significant reduction in proteinuria and in the total number of lymphocytes, T cells, and HLA-DR activated T cells. Moreover, the patient became sensitive to steroids and RTX. LCAP reduced circulating immune cells including activated T cells and could be effective in treating rituximab-resistant nephrotic syndrome and SRNS and in achieving remission of proteinuria.
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