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with 8 figures, 4 tables and 1 appendix Dedication. Prof. Dr. Salvador Rivas-Martínez and we were sitting near the camp on Mt. Tolbachik in Kamtchatka. We heard about his admiration of nature, about vegetation, bioclimate, phytosociology, and about some histories in his life. It was an unforgettable wonderful night for us. Sitting in front of the camp-fire we sincerely hoped that he will stay healthy and will continue working in vegetation science.

Tropical mangrove forests are characterized by clear zonation along a tidal gradient, and it has been supposed that the zonation is primarily controlled by soil factors. However, effects of disturbance on mangrove forests are still not well understood and may play an important role on the vegetation patterns and forest dynamics in some forest formations. In this study, the pattern of disturbance regime and its effects on regeneration of tropical mangrove forests along a tidal gradient were investigated in Ranong, Thailand. We established one or two 0.5 ha plots in four vegetation zones, i.e. Sonneratia alba -Avicennia alba zone, Rhizophora apiculata zone, Ra -Bruguiera gymnorrhiza zone, Ceriops tagal -Xylocarpus spp. zone. Gap size (percentage gap area to total study area and individual gap size) was the largest in Sa -Aa zone which is located on the most seaward fringe, and it declined from seaward to inland. Canopy trees of S. alba and A. alba had stunted trunks and showed low tree density. On the contrary, canopy dominants in the other three inland zones, e.g. R. apiculata, B. gymnorrhiza, and Xylocarpus spp., had slender trunks and showed high tree density. Accordingly, differences in disturbance regime among the four zones were resulted from the forest structural features of each zone. Disturbance regime matched with regeneration strategies of canopy dominants. Seedlings and saplings of S. alba and A. alba, which need sunny condition for their growth, were abundant in gaps than in understorey. By contrast, R. apiculata, B. gymnorrhiza, and Xylocarpus spp., which can tolerate less light than S. alba and A. alba, had greater seedling and sapling density under closed canopy than gaps. Many large gaps may enhance the abundance of S. alba and A. alba in Sa -Aa zone, and a few small gaps may prevent the light demanding species to establish and grow in the other inland zones. Correspondence of disturbance regime and regeneration strategies (e.g. light requirement) of canopy dominants may contribute to the maintenance of the present species composition in each of the vegetation zones.

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This study focuses on a phytosociological system of the extensive Larix gmelinii and Larix cajanderi dominated forests and woodlands that span the nemoral, boreal and subarctic zones in northeast Asia in the Russian Far East, Eastern Siberia and northern China, an area that covers more than 5 million km 2 . A total of 299 relevés representing different parts of the larch forest range were used to classify communities in this area into the boreal Rhytidio rugosi-Laricetea sibiricae and Vaccinio-Piceetea and to the nemoral Querco mongolicae-Betuletea davuricae.The hierarchical system of lower syntaxa of larch forests and woodlands of northeast Asia includes 24 associations and nine subassociations. Nineteen associations and two alliances -Rhododendro aurei-Laricion cajanderi and Rhododendro dauriciLaricion gmelinii -are described for the first time. Two associations were classified into Dictamno dasycarpi-Quercion mongolicae of Lespedezo bicoloris-Quercetalia mongolicae representing the nemoral class Querco mongolicae-Betuletea davuricae.

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