gallium arsenide, GaAs; indium antimonide, InSb) generation semiconductor materials, third-generation semiconductor materials, such as GaN semiconductors, have improved physical and chemical characteristics, such as a wider band gap, higher frequency, higher efficiency, higher breakdown voltage, higher thermal conductivity, higher thermal resistance, and higher radiation resistance. [1,2] Therefore, they are better suited for electronic or optoelectronic devices that operate in harsh environments due to their superior energy efficiency.In particular, GaN and related alloys, also known as III-nitrides, are essential materials in many modern optoelectronic applications due to the superior benefits provided by these materials and are commercially successful in the sectors of solid lighting and laser technologies. [3,4] III-nitrides can crystallize in either wurtzite (WZ) or zinc-blende (ZB) phases, with the hexagonal WZ phase being more thermodynamically stable. [5] The band gap remains direct across the entire composition range from aluminum nitride (6.4 eV, ≈3.5 eV for GaN) to indium nitride (≈0.65 eV), with the band gap energy ranging from the deep-ultraviolet to the near infrared spectrum. [3,4,6] Because of these properties, III-nitrides are particularly useful for optoelectronic devices such as LEDs, laser diodes (LDs), and photodetectors, where a direct band gap is essential for efficient device operation. [7,8] The rapid growth of III-nitride technology in optoelectronics has been accelerated by the introduction of blue LEDs with indium gallium nitride (InGaN) as the active layer, which has become important devices in various applications since the photoluminescence from high-quality InGaN films was shown in 1992 and the first blue LEDs were demonstrated in 1993. [9,10] Due to their high efficiency, chemical inertness, and long operating lifetime, InGaN-based LEDs have been widely used in our daily life, such as in traffic signals, full-color displays, back-light sources for liquid-crystal displays, and mobile electronic devices, as well as in general lighting, including automobile lamps, architecture illumination, and household lighting. [11][12][13][14] These LEDs are not only a new type of light source but also a prospective contributor to global energy savings. [11] In recent years, the need for high pixel density, high power efficiency, high luminance, and high refresh rate next generation displays (i.e., wearable/flexible, automotive head-up, and augmented/virtual reality (AR/VR) displays) has piqued the Micro-light-emitting diodes (Micro-LEDs) based on gallium nitride (GaN) materials offer versatile platforms for various applications, including displays, data communication tools, photodetectors, and sensors. In particular, the introduction of Micro-LEDs in the optoelectronic industry enables the development of novel short-distance wireless communication applications for the Internet of Things as well as near-to-eye displays for virtual reality and augmented reality. Micro-LEDs used in conjunction with...
The field of next‐generation microdisplays is flourishing. Relevant display technologies, such as mini‐light emission diodes (mini‐LEDs), micro‐organic light emission diodes (micro‐OLEDs), and micro‐light emission diodes (micro‐LEDs) are thus in the urgent stage of development. From this perspective, comprehensive and systematical analyzes are conducted for the aforesaid microdisplay configurations. A holistic view of microdisplay technologies is developed with the corresponding performance metrics, providing a path for miscellaneous scenarios. Among these scenarios, the applications in augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), wearable devices, and head‐up displays (HUD) are currently attracting considerable attention for deeper human‐digital interactions. However, there is a multiplicity of obstacles and challenges hindering such development. Nevertheless, recent advances in microdisplay technologies hold tremendous promise for the paradigms of these applications, taking a leap forward for next‐generation microdisplays. This review presents perspectives, relevant materials, and the technology landscape for such ongoing display technologies, offering guidance on the design of advanced microdisplays.
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