We have determined the crystal structure of the title compound, which has a triclinic cell with cell parameters of a=6.844 Å, b=6.933 Å, c=9.339 Å, α =76.617 °, β =84.188 °, γ =74.510 ° and space group Pī. The crystal structure suggests the chemical formula CoMoO 4. 3/4H 2 O. The structure consists of MoO 4 tetrahedra and CoO 6 octahedra, confirming the earlier XANES investigation on the hydrate. The comparison of the crystal structures of the hydrate and the α-, β-, and hp-phases shows that the hydrate exhibits metal cation coordinations similar to those of the β-phase, but had arrangements of CoO 6 and MoO n polyhedra similar to those of the hp-phase.

We have explored several structure-inheriting solid-state reactions (SISSRs) under hydrothermal conditions for syntheses in the Co-Mo-O system. And we found an interesting hydrothermal SISSR from CoMoO 4. 3/4H 2 O to high-pressure (hp-) phase of CoMoO 4 , which enabled us to considerably reduce the severe conditions for the synthesis of hp-CoMoO 4 . As similar hydrothermal SISSRs are expected to be useful tools for material syntheses, we also briefly discuss them as a means of developing novel material syntheses and designs.

Cultivated strawberry (Fragaria× ananassa) is a fruity vegetable of the Rosaease family and contains allergens which cause oral allergic syndrome (OAS). OAS is a type I allergy mediated by IgE, and as the symptoms appear in the oral cavity, hypoallergenic fruits are eagerly anticipated. The major allergen in strawberry OAS is Fra a 1-an ortholog of the birch pollen allergen Bet v 1. It is necessary to understand the characteristics of Fra a 1 in planta to properly regulate Fra a 1 accumulation and produce safe edible fruits. In this review, we summarize the Fra a 1 expression patterns in strawberries and this allergenicity in birch patients' IgE. Additionally, we describe the cultivar differences and environmental responses of Fra a 1 and discuss the proper regulation of Fra a 1 in order to produce hypoallergenic fruits.

Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) comprise the core machinery that mediates membrane fusion. SNAREs, syntaxin, synaptosome-associated protein (SNAP), and synaptobrevin form a tight SNARE complex that brings the vesicle and plasma membranes together and is essential for membrane fusion. The cDNAs of SNAP-25, VAMP2, and Syntaxin 1A from Bombyx mori were inserted into a plasmid, transformed into Escherichia coli, and purified. We then produced antibodies against the SNAP-25, VAMP2, and Syntaxin 1A of Bombyx mori of rabbits and rats, which were used for immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemistry results revealed that the expression of VAMP2 was restricted to neurons in the pars intercerebralis, dorsolateral protocerebrum, and central complex of the brain. SNAP-25 was restricted to neurons in the pars intercerebralis and the central complex of the brain. Syntaxin 1A was restricted to neurons in the pars intercerebralis and dorsolateral protocerebrum of the brain. SNAP-25 colocalizes with VAMP2 in the central complex and Syntaxin 1A colocalizes with bombyxin, which is an insect neuropeptide. These findings suggest that SNARE proteins play important roles in membrane trafficking in the insect brain.

Resistance to multiple races of Fusarium wilt is considered a critical trait for lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars, as it is directly related to grower profitability in Japan. We analyzed F2 individuals obtained from a cross between ‘VI185’ (resistance to race 2) and ‘ShinanoGreen’ (susceptible to race 2), and applied a bioassay to the F3 population using the race 2 pathogen. ddRAD-seq analysis showed that a single semi-dominant locus on LG1 (qFOL1.2) controls resistance, and that the genotype of a RAD-marker designated as LG1_v8_117.181Mbp showed complete co-segregation with the resistance phenotype based on the F2 population. Fine mapping by PCR-based markers further revealed that qFOL1.2 were located in the position of 116.468-117.974Mbp. The 42 cultivars were evaluated for the genotypes and phenotypes using the PCR-based makers designed at this region. As a result of genotyping, all of the susceptible cultivars had the same genotype in this region, but the resistant cultivars had the diversity in the genotype. Notably, the genotype of the PCR-based marker designated as LG1_v8_116.506Mbp was consistent across the 25 resistant cultivars. Thus, we reasoned that LG1_v8_116.506Mbp was a broadly useful marker for selection of race 2-resistance. Our results provide additional breeding technique for resistance to race 2, and can accelerate pyramiding of resistance loci to multiple races of fusarium wilt.