Plant-derived nanoparticles exert cytoprotective effects on intestinal cells by delivering their cargo to intestinal tissues. We previously reported that apple-derived nanoparticles (APNPs) downregulate the mRNA of the human intestinal transporter OATP2B1/SLCO2B1 and that the 3'UTR region is required for the response to APNPs. Here, we investigated the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in APNPs in suppressing OATP2B1 expression to demonstrate that APNP macromolecules directly interact with intestinal tissues. Using in silico analysis, seven apple miRNAs were predicted as candidate miRNAs that interact with the SLCO2B1-3'UTR. The APNP-mediated decrease in luciferase activity of pGL3/SLCO2B1-3'UTR was abrogated by inhibitors of mdm-miR-160a-e, -7121a-c, or -7121d-h. Each miRNA mimic reduced the endogenous expression of SLCO2B1 mRNA in Caco-2 cells. The luciferase activity of the truncated pGL3/SLCO2B1-3'UTR, which contains approximately 200 bp around each miRNA recognition element (MRE), was decreased by the miR-7121d-h mimic but little by the other mimics. APNP also reduced the luciferase activity of truncated pGL3/SLCO2B1-3'UTR containing an MRE for miR-7121d-h. Thus, we demonstrated that mdm-miR-7121d-h contributes to the APNP-mediated downregulation of intestinal OATP2B1. Accordingly, plant macromolecules, such as miRNAs, may directly interact with intestinal tissues via nanoparticles.
One-pot
gelation
in capillary glass tubes with carbonate-based
buffer solution allows the formation of hollow collagen gels (collagen
tubes) with an outer diameter of 1 mm or less. The preparation conditions
of collagen concentration, buffer concentration, and capillary diameter
impacted the ratio and size of the hollow gel and allowed for morphological
control of the cavity. The morphology of the hollows suggests that
their vacancies are the result of macroscopic phase separation and
pinning due to gelation. Mechanical strength measurements of the dried
collagen gel tubes demonstrated that the collagen concentration determines
their Young’s modulus and maximum stress and that the material
is strong enough for practical use. In vitro seeding studies of vascular
endothelial cells demonstrated the possible formation of endothelial
cells in layers in the gel lumen.
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