PURPOSE To map the magnitudes and temporal trends of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) along with its attributable risk factors, providing the essential foundation for targeted public policies at the national, regional, and global levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrieved annual data on CML burden in 204 countries and regions from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 in 1990-2019. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was calculated to quantify the temporal trends of CML burden by region, sex, and age group. RESULTS Globally, the age-standardized incidence rate of CML declined weakly over the past few years (EAPC: −1.04), but the number of incident cases increased by 54.1% to 65.8 × 103 in 2019. By contrast, a dramatic drop in death and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate (EAPCs: −2.55; −2.69) led to a reduction in deaths and DALYs, especially in high-income regions. In 2019, the highest age-standardized death rate was observed in Ethiopia (1.89 per 100,000). The death rate of CML was pronounced among the population age above 70 years. DALYs of CML worldwide were primarily attributable to smoking (12.2%), high body mass index (5.0%), occupational exposure to benzene (0.9%), and occupational exposure to formaldehyde (0.3%) in 2019. CONCLUSION Although the mortality rate of CML has decreased significantly, the management of patients with CML cannot be neglected, especially in elders and developing regions.
Purpose: To provide a foundational guideline for policy-makers to e ciently allocate medical resources in the context of population aging and growth, a latest spatial distribution and temporal trend of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) along with attributable risk factors by sex and age were mapped.Methods: Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, we calculated the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) values to quantify temporal trends in morbidity and mortality of ALL. We used applied Spearman rank correlation to estimate the relationship between the EAPC and potential in uence factors. The population attributable fraction of potential risk factors for ALL-related disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were estimated by the comparative risk assessment framework.Results: We found that new ALL cases increased signi cantly by 129% worldwide, and the agestandardized incidence rate (ASIR) increased by 1.61 percent per year. The proportion of elder patients sharply increased, especially within the higher socio-demographic index (SDI) region. Smoking and high body mass index remained the predominant risk factors for ALL-related mortality. Notably, the contribution of high body mass index presented an increasing trend. Conclusion:The global burden of ALL has steadily increased, especially in middle SDI region. Health measures should be taken into consideration to improve the treatment of elders with ALL due to a great proportion in the higher SDI region. Attention should be paid to the environmental problems caused by industrial development in low SDI areas.Abdul-Hay 2017; Network). More than 80% of children between 1 and 18 years of age are expected to relieve effectively (Vrooman and Silverman 2016;Pui et al. 2009;Veerman et al. 2009), but only 30% to 40% of rst salvage and 10% to 20% of second salvage regimens achieve complete remission (Gregory 2019; Ronson, Tvito, and Rowe 2016). Adult patients relapse rate was still high (Linker et al. 1987), and 20% of children experienced a relapse (Vrooman and Silverman 2016). Hence, the heterogeneity of the ALL-related burden internationally is profound. Analysis of the global burden of ALL by region, sex and age will provide important guidance for its biology, prevention and treatment.The Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) Study 2019 comprehensively collected an extensive set of data sources and applied novel statistical methods to estimate the incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) caused by various diseases along with corresponding risk factors in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019 (Pourshams et al. 2019). Given the disease burden of ALL is unclear across geographies, we conducted this study to investigate the number of incidence cases, deaths, DALYs, and corresponding age-standardized rates of ALL. Moreover, we presented the changes in ALL-related DALYs attributed to potential risk factors. Our research can inform policy-makers on how to allocate limited public health resources reasonably and effectively. Methods Study data...
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Purpose: To provide a foundational guideline for policy-makers to efficiently allocate medical resources in the context of population aging and growth, a latest spatial distribution and temporal trend of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) along with attributable risk factors by sex and age were mapped.Methods: Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, we calculated the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) values to quantify temporal trends in morbidity and mortality of ALL. We used applied Spearman rank correlation to estimate the relationship between the EAPC and potential influence factors. The population attributable fraction of potential risk factors for ALL-related disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were estimated by the comparative risk assessment framework. Results: We found that new ALL cases increased significantly by 129% worldwide, and the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) increased by 1.61 percent per year. The proportion of elder patients sharply increased, especially within the higher socio-demographic index (SDI) region. Smoking and high body mass index remained the predominant risk factors for ALL-related mortality. Notably, the contribution of high body mass index presented an increasing trend. Conclusion: The global burden of ALL has steadily increased, especially in middle SDI region. Health measures should be taken into consideration to improve the treatment of elders with ALL due to a great proportion in the higher SDI region. Attention should be paid to the environmental problems caused by industrial development in low SDI areas.
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