Magnitude and Temporal Trend of the Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: On the Basis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Abstract

PURPOSE To map the magnitudes and temporal trends of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) along with its attributable risk factors, providing the essential foundation for targeted public policies at the national, regional, and global levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrieved annual data on CML burden in 204 countries and regions from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 in 1990-2019. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was calculated to quantify the temporal trends of CML burden by region, sex, and age group. RESULTS Globally, the age-standardized incidence rate of CML declined weakly over the past few years (EAPC: −1.04), but the number of incident cases increased by 54.1% to 65.8 × 103 in 2019. By contrast, a dramatic drop in death and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate (EAPCs: −2.55; −2.69) led to a reduction in deaths and DALYs, especially in high-income regions. In 2019, the highest age-standardized death rate was observed in Ethiopia (1.89 per 100,000). The death rate of CML was pronounced among the population age above 70 years. DALYs of CML worldwide were primarily attributable to smoking (12.2%), high body mass index (5.0%), occupational exposure to benzene (0.9%), and occupational exposure to formaldehyde (0.3%) in 2019. CONCLUSION Although the mortality rate of CML has decreased significantly, the management of patients with CML cannot be neglected, especially in elders and developing regions.

Cerebrospinal fluid infiltration by chronic myeloid leukaemia: Evaluation of cytomorphological features

“…14 Recent studies suggest an overall increase in the late involvement of the CNS in CML, with long-term haematological remission observable in both PB and BM. 1 Therapeutically, there is no standard protocol for managing CNS involvement in CML. Usually, second-generation TKIs are initiated for more efficient BBB penetration, along with intrathecal chemotherapy, high-dose systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy.…”

“…Further, patients with lymphoid CML‐BC have been shown to have better clinical outcomes than those with CML‐BC, and blast characterisation can therefore dictate the choice of therapy 14 . Recent studies suggest an overall increase in the late involvement of the CNS in CML, with long‐term haematological remission observable in both PB and BM 1 …”

“…Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative neoplasm. Approximately 15% of all newly diagnosed cases of leukaemia in the adult population are CML 1 . Its course is divided into three phases: an indolent chronic phase (CP), a more symptomatic accelerated phase (AP) and an aggressive phase of blast crisis (BC).…”

Cytogenetic Analysis of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in an Eastern Indian Population

“…Body morphological anomalies, blood problem confirmation, and an accumulation of all types of mature and immature granulocytes or blast cells are its defining characteristics. In 2018, there were one new case of CML diagnosed globally for every 100,000 people, or 15% of all adult leukaemia cases [1]. According to a recent study, India's annual incidence of CML ranged from 0.8 to 2.2 per 100,000 people [2].…”

Management of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia and Pregnancy: A Bibliometric Analysis (2000-2020)

“…The disease is characterized by a chromosomal translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11.2), which results in a fused oncogene called BCR-ABL1 on the Philadelphia chromosome ( 1 ). Over the past 30 years, the global incident cases of CML have increased from 42.7 × 10 3 in 1990 to 65.8 × 10 3 in 2019 ( 2 ). The emergence of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) has significantly improved survival in CML; most patients treated with imatinib (a type of TKI) achieve normal life expectancy, with some patients achieving sustained treatment-free remission (TFR) ( 3 ).…”