BackgroundBoth hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are separately regarded as a highly reactive molecule involved in root morphogenesis. In this report, corresponding causal link governing lateral root formation was investigated.MethodsBy using pharmacological, anatomic, and molecular approaches, evidence presented here revealed the molecular mechanism underlying tomato lateral root development triggered by H2S.ResultsA H2S donor sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) triggered the accumulation of H2O2, the up-regulation of RBOH1 transcript, and thereafter tomato lateral root formation. Above responses were sensitive to the H2O2 scavenger (dimethylthiourea; DMTU) and the inhibitor of NADPH oxidase (diphenylene idonium; DPI), showing that the accumulations of H2O2 and increased RBOH1 transcript were respectively prevented. Lateral root primordial and lateral root formation were also impaired. Further molecular evidence revealed that H2S-modulated gene expression of cell cycle regulatory genes, including up-regulation of SlCYCA2;1, SlCYCA3;1, and SlCDKA1, and the down-regulation of SlKRP2, were prevented by the co-treatment with DMTU or DPI. Above mentioned inducing phenotypes were consistent with the changes of lateral root formation-related microRNA transcripts: up-regulation of miR390a and miR160, and with the opposite tendencies of their target genes (encoding auxin response factors). Contrasting tendencies were observed when DMTU or DPI was added together. The occurrence of H2S-mediated S-sulfhydration during above responses was preliminarily discovered.ConclusionsOverall, these results suggested an important role of RBOH1-mediated H2O2 in H2S-elicited tomato lateral root development, and corresponding H2S-target proteins regulated at transcriptional and post-translational levels.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-017-1110-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
A series of quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one derivatives containing a hydrazide moiety were designed, synthesized and characterized in detail via FT‐IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS spectra. The antifungal activities against Rhizoctonia solani (Rs) and Fusarium graminearum (Fg) were evaluated in vitro. The bioassay results indicated that most of the title compounds exhibited significant antifungal activities against Rs and Fg. Strikingly, the EC50 values of some title compounds against Rs are obviously superior to that of the positive control carbendazim. Based on the antifungal bioassay results against Rs, the comparative molecular filed analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA) models were generated to investigate the structure‐activity relationship of title compounds against Rs. The analytical results indicated that these two models exhibited good predictive accuracies and could provide significant structural insights for the design of bioactive quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one derivatives containing a hydrazide moiety.
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