The development of chemical sensors and biosensors over several decades has been investigated resulting in novel and very interesting sensor devices with great promise for many areas of applications including food technology. The incorporation of such sensors into the food packaging technology has resulted what we call smart or intelligent packaging. These are truly integrated and interdisciplinary systems that invoke expertise from the fields of chemistry, biochemistry, physics and electronics as well as food science and technology. Smart packaging utilises chemical sensor or biosensor to monitor the quality & safety of food from the producers to the costumers. This technology can result in a variety of sensor designs that are suitable for monitoring of food quality and safety, such as freshness, pathogens, leakage, carbon dioxide, oxygen, pH, time or temperature. Thus, this technology is needed as online quality control and safety in term of consumers, authorities and food producers, and has great potential in the development of new sensing systems integrated in the food packaging, which are beyond the existing conventional technologies, like control of weight, volume, colour and appearance.

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Preparation and characterization of a novel cocrystal of atorvastatin calcium with succinic acid coformer were successfully performed. This research aims to modify the crystalline form of atorvastatin calcium through cocrystallization with succinic acid coformer. The cocrystal was prepared by a solvent evaporation method and characterized by Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The atorvastatin calcium-succinic acid cocrystal has new crystalline peaks at 2θ of 12.9, 18.2 and 26.7° indicating the formation of a new crystalline phase. The cocrystal showed the melting point at 205.7 °C with an enthalpy of fusion 30.2 J/g which is different from the initial components. The FTIR spectra of cocrystal showed the shifting of absorption peaks of groups of initial components indicating of formation of atorvastatin calcium-succinic acid cocrystal through acid–amide intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions. The solubility and dissolution test showed that the cocrystal has solubility and dissolution rate significantly higher than the solubility and dissolution rate of pure atorvastatin calcium.

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Atorvastatin calcium (AC) is a statin drug used to lower cholesterol. Its crystalline form is usually found in the market with low solubility properties. The amorphization of crystalline AC is a technique used to increase its solubility however; the amorphous form has less thermodynamic stability. Therefore, to increase the solubility properties of its crystalline form, an AC coamorphous solid was prepared. This coamorphous solid was prepared using spray drying techniques, and coformers such as isonicotinamide (INA) and maleic acid (MA). Furthermore, characterization was carried out using powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, while the solubility properties test was conducted using the shake-flask and paddle method. The results showed that the spray-dried solids were coamorphous with single-phase homogeneous systems. Furthermore, the coamorphous solids, AC-INA and AC-MA were found to have a higher Tg than the melting points of other components, and formed intermolecular interactions between them. The higher Tg and presence of intermolecular interactions indicate that coamorphous solids are more stable than the amorphous form. Therefore, the results of the solubility and dissolution test showed that the coamorphous solid of AC-INA and AC-MA have better solubility properties compared to the AC crystalline form.

Ketoprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with poor water solubility, so the absorption is less than optimal. One method to improve the solubility of ketoprofen is through the formation of multicomponent solid forms. The success of the formation of the multicomponent solid forms is strongly influenced by interactions between components in their solids. In this study, the analysis of the interactions in solid form of ketoprofen-coformers was carried out using the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and hot stage microscopy (HSM) with adipic acid and isonicotinamide as coformers. From the experimental results, the mixtures of ketoprofen-adipic acid show a solid-liquid phase diagram that indicates a simple eutectic system with eutectic points on the molar fraction of ketoprofen 0.9 and temperature at 92.9 °C. The ketoprofen-isonicotinamide mixtures have a eutectic system with the peritectic point. The solid-liquid phase diagram has indicated that the ketoprofen-adipic acid in eutectic composition forms a miscible liquid phase without interaction in its solid form, whereas the ketoprofen-isonicotinamide forms a miscible liquid phase accompanied by interaction with the excess component. The results of the HSM analysis showed the same phenomenon as the result of the DSC experiment and have confirmed with the FTIR analysis