Meeting the growing demand for agricultural production while preserving water regulation ecosystem services (WRES) is a challenge. One way to preserve WRES is by adopting multifunctional landscape approach. Hence, the main objective was to evaluate the role of forest patches (FP) in preserving WRES in tropical landscapes dominated by oil palm plantations. The SWAT model was used to evaluate the essential WRES, such as water yield (WYLD), soil water (SW), surface runoff (SURQ), groundwater recharge (GWR), and evapotranspiration (AET). Due to a compaction, soils in monoculture plantation have higher bulk density and lower porosity and water retention, which decrease WRES. Conserving FP among oil palms evidently improves WRES, such as decreasing SURQ and rain season WYLD and increasing GWR, SW, AET, and dry season WLYD. FP has sponge-like properties by storing water to increase water availability, and pump-like properties by evaporating water to stabilize the microclimate. Mature oil palm also has pump-like properties to maintain productivity. However, it does not have sponge-like properties that make water use more significant than the stored water. Consequently, a multifunctional landscape could enhance WRES of forest patches and synergize it with provisioning ecosystem services of oil palm plantations.
Surface runoff is a primary driving factor for water regulation services on oil palm plantations as it determines the hydrological components and other biogeochemical process. Therefore, understanding on their interaction and contribution within the watershed system is important to support decision-making system. Here, we applied Soil and Water Assessment Tools (SWAT) model to simulate water regulation services for an intermittent micro-catchment dominated by oil palm plantation in Harapan Landscapes, Batanghari Regency, Jambi Province. In this study, we used two different runoff curve number (CN) approaches in the SWAT model, namely the soil moisture curve number (CN-SM) and the plant evaporation curve number (CN-ET), to evaluate their applicability and uncertainty for assessing water regulation services. SWAT was automatically calibrated and validated against daily observed streamflow data. The results showed that the model performed well as indicated by hydrograph visual interpretation and statistical indicators. The performance was good for calibration and validation for both approaches with high R2 and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE). Also, the uncertainty was acceptable with P-factor >70% and R-factor <1. Differences in CN-SM and CN-ET's conceptual structure have caused variations in the calibrated parameters' best-fit value and their sensitivity to streamflow simulations, which implicated for other components' output water regulation services. However, CN-ET approach was less responsive to area's biophysical conditions for runoff generation than CN-SM one. This implicated that CN-ET generated low soil water storage and an overestimated actual evapotranspiration. This modeling exercise showed selection of a runoff CN approach by considering biophysical characteristics is important for calculating and simulating water balance component in such watershed. The accuracy of the simulation will significantly influence watershed management recommendations to improve water regulation's sustainability.
Konversi mangrove menjadi wilayah terbangun di sepanjang pesisir Kecamatan Kedung, Jepara menyebabkan kerentanan wilayah pesisir tersebut terhadap abrasi Laut Jawa. Abrasi telah mengikis wilayah daratan dan menggeser garis pantai. Perubahan luas lahan mangrove dan pergeseran garis pantai dideteksi dengan mengunakan kombinasi kanal merah, NIR, dan SWIR serta rasio kanal merah/SWIR dan SWIR/NIR dari citra Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM+, dan Landsat 8 OLI multitemporal 1995-2017. Analisis komponen utama dari semua kanal dan rasio kanal tersebut yang dikombinasikan dengan teknik klasifikasi terbimbing dipilih untuk mengklasifikasikan tutupan lahan, termasuk membedakan vegetasi mangrove dengan vegetasi non mangrove serta membedakan wilayah daratan dengan wilayah lautan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa perubahan tutupan lahan mangrove menurun sebesar 668,95 ha atau sebesar 55% selama 1995-2017. Penurunan ini diikuti dengan meningkatnya luasan badan air atau laut akibat abrasi dan kawasan tambak. Laju penurunan tutupan lahan mangrove sebesar 30,7 ha/tahun, sedangkan laju peningkatan kawasan tambak sebesar 31,98 ha/tahun dan laju perubahan tutupan lahan pemukiman berkurang sebesar 15,6 ha/tahun. Akibat abrasi, garis pantai di sepanjang pesisir Kecamatan Kedung bergeser dengan laju 12,6 meter per tahun ke arah darat.
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