OBJECTIVES:This study was performed on Suleyman Demirel University medical students to determine the quality of sleep and to investigate factors that affect of sleep quality. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Suleyman Demirel University Medical students at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 classes included to this crosssectional analytical study (n= 720). Refused to fill to the survey (188), and students were not come to faculty (195), applied survey to 337 students (46.8%). Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), Pittsburgh (PSQI) and Berlin sleep questionnaires, and 13 pieces closed and open-ended socio-demographic questions were conduct a questionnare under observation. The collected data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, chi-square, two independent groups t test, Pearson and Spearman's correlation, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis and ANOVA tests. RESULTS:337 students participated in the study, 42.1% were male, 57.9% were female, mean age was 21.3 ± 2.1 years. Depending on Body mass index (BMI) 31 were poor, 212 normal, 53 overweight, and 4 obese students. In 118 students (35.3%), and these students have a chronic disease associated with 15.6% used the drug because of illness and 38 percent of students (11.6%) were smokers. 18.1 ± 16.1 min for pupils in times of falling asleep, sleep duration per night. 6.6 ± 1.3h, the mean departure time was 7.7 ± 1.8. Scale with a total score of Pittsburgh class (p= 0.000), age (p= 0.003), BMI (p= 0.015) had a significant correlation between. Pittsburgh PUKI scores and without a significant difference in gender (p= 0.054), the use of stimulant substances (p= 0.032), weight (p= 0.021) and snoring (p= 0.002) with no significant difference were found. ESS total score and gender (p= 0.025), drug use (p= 0.035) and sports activities (p= 0.038). Ten students had snoring (3.0%), 5 students (1.5%) had witnessed apnea. Snoring 17.2% to in ESS > 10 points on it. Pittsburgh, the mean scores of those who witnessed apnea (14.0 ± 5.3), witnessed apnea, according to non-students (10.2 ± 6.4) were higher (p= 0.191).The effects PSQI and ESS results on the term were statistically significant by the multivariate regression analysis [F(10.602)= 4.56; p< 0.05; Wilkis Lamda 0.864, partial n 2 = 0.07]. To estimate of the value of PSQI by the stepwise regression analysis was performed; age and fall asleep properties has been included of the model (R2= 89%, p< 0.05). To estimate of the value of PSQI by the stepwise regression analysis was performed; fall asleep property has been included of the model in the the male gender (R2= 80%, p< 0.05). To estimate of the value of ESS by the stepwise regression analysis was performed; term property has been included of the model (R2= 65%, p< 0.05). CONCLUSION:Medical school students participating in our study, although female-male ratio close to each other, we found that higher ESS and Pittsburgh scores in female more than male. In this case may be related to physiological, genetic, environmental, cultural and psychological differences.

Amaç: Tıp Fakültesi öğrencilerinde uyku kalitesi ve koku arasındaki ilişkinin araştırılması planlandı.Materyal-Metot: Çalışmamız klinik araştırmalar etik kurulu tarafından onaylandı. Kesitsel tipte olan araştırmamızda üniversitemizin tıp fakültesi öğrencilerine sosyodemografik özellikler anketi, uyku kalitesini değerlendirmeye yönelik Pittsburg uyku kalite indeksi (PUKI) ve koku-uyku anketi uygulandı.Bulgular: Çalışmamıza; 91 (%46,9) kadın öğrenci ve 103 (%53,1) erkek öğrenci dâhil edildi. Çalışmaya dâhil olan öğrencilerin yaş ortalaması 21,91±1,94, öğrencilerin %42,2’sini (n=79) 1000 TL ve üzerinde kazandığı, 87 (%44,8) kişinin apartta kalmakta dığı, 149 (%76,8) kişinin sigara ve 143 (%73,7) kişinin alkol kullanmadığı tespit edildi. Katılımcılardan 165 (%86,4) kişi karanlık ortamda uyumayı tercih ettiğini belirtti. Çalışmaya katılan öğrencilerin 160 (%82,9)’ı gürültü, 149 (%77,2)’u ışık, 145 (%75,1)’i ortamın ısı düzeyi, 122 (%63,2)’si fiziksel olarak yatak yapısı, 107 (%55,4)’si ortamın kirli olması ve 106 (%54,9)’sı ortamın kötü kokması gibi faktörlerin uyku kalitelerini etkilediğini düşünmekteydi. dü. Koku uyku arasındaki ilişkiye 89 (%45,9) kişi, koku ile hafıza arasında ilişkisine 70 (%36,1) kişi katılıyorum kesinlikle evet cevabını verdi. Çalışmamızdaki toplam PUKİ ölçeği ortalaması 12,88±5,60 olarak bulundu. Dönem I ve II öğrencilerinde uykuya yatış zamanı arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark vardı (p=0,040). Dönem II öğrencilerinde yatış zamanın uzadığı bulundu. Çalışmamıza katılan öğrencilerin dönem II ve dönem III öğrencileri arasında uykuya dalma süresinde anlamlı farklılık bulundu var (p=0,017). Çalışmamıza dâhil olan öğrencilerin uykuya dalma sırasındaki uyku kalitesi istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulundu (p&lt;0,05).Sonuç: Kaliteli bir uyku için, koku ile uyku süreci arasında bir bağlantı olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

BackgroundFavipiravir was widely used to treat coronavirus disease 2019 early in the pandemic. Later, many reports began to be published about the side effects of favipiravir on different tissues. However, the side effects of favipiravir on the oral and nasal mucosa remain unknown. This experimental study aimed to evaluate the pathological effects of favipiravir on the oral-nasal mucosa and investigate whether vitamin C (Vit C) reduces these lesions in old and young rats. MethodologyA total of 100 rats were used for this study. The rats were administered favipiravir (20 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) and Vit C (150 mg/kg/day) for 14 days. At the end of the study, rats were euthanatized, and oral-nasal mucosal histopathological changes were evaluated. Nuclear factor kappa-ligand (RANKL) and caspase-3 expressions were immunohistochemically examined. ResultsFavipiravir caused severe lesions in old rats compared to young, and the severity of the lesions increased with the dosage. Severe hyperemia and erosive-ulcerative lesions were observed in the oral-nasal mucosa. In addition, increased RANKL and caspase-3 expressions were observed in a dose-dependent manner. In both young and old groups, Vit C treatment showed decreased caspase-3 and RANKL expression; a more prominent decrease was seen in young rats. ConclusionsThis study showed that favipiravir could cause histopathological lesions in the oral and nasal mucosa. However, the administration of Vit C with favipiravir can provide a protective effect against this damage. The curative effect of Vit C was more pronounced in young rats and at low doses.

Aim: This study was conducted to assess the validity and reliability of the Turkish adaptation of the Taste and Smell Dysfunction Questionnaire (TSDQ) in hemodialysis patients.Materials and methods: This study involves 125 hemodialysis patients. Research data were collected using the Descriptive Characteristics Form for Hemodialysis Patients, the TSDQ, and the Questionnaire for the Assessment of Self-Reported Olfactory Functioning and Olfaction-Related Quality of Life. In addition, the questionnaire's language and content validity, construct validity, and reliability were evaluated.Results: With regard to content validity, a high degree of agreement was determined between expert opinions on the questionnaire items (CGI = 0.96). Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the questionnaire has a two-factor structure explaining 79.33% of the total variance. The confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the model is within acceptable fit index limits with factor loads between 0.692 and 0.964. The Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients of the scale and its two sub-dimensions are 0.928, 0.968, and 0.782, respectively. Conclusion:The TSDQ is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating taste and smell changes in hemodialysis patients.

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