Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) exhibit great potential to generate power through organic wastewater treatment. Limitations have restricted the advanced development of MFCs, including low power density, expensive electrode materials, and the challenge to manufacture MFCs in large scale. However, the introduction of advanced anode materials, especially porous and nanostructured materials, is believed to be an effective way to solve the problems, as they can promote bacteria extracellular electron transfer (EET) because of their unique physical, chemical, and electrical properties. Nanostructured materials, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, activated carbon fiber, metal, metal oxides and conductive polymers, show many appreciable properties such as good conductivity, large specific surface area, and excellent catalytic activity. Additionally, nanomaterials with unique electrochemical properties provide strong charge interactions with organic compounds and the direct electrochemistry process between bacteria and the anode. This Review comprehensively focuses on the recent development of modification of nanostructured anode materials in view of crucial intrinsic factors to enhance electricity output. Furthermore, the enhanced performance of MFCs and the corresponding known mechanism is also discussed, which enables active bacteria to facilitate electron transfer. Finally, promising strategies to modify anode nanomaterials for future research are presented.
This article discusses a method for synthesizing an environmentally friendly calcium oleate detergent using vegetable oil instead of mineral oil as the raw material. Reaction conditions including the molar ratio of total lime [Ca(OH) 2 and CaO] to oleic acid, the molar ratio of Ca(OH) 2 to CaO, the carbonation temperature, the amount of methanol, the molar ratio of water to CaO, the gas flow rate of CO 2 , and the molar ratio of injected CO 2 to total lime [Ca(OH) 2 and CaO] were optimized. Using the optimized conditions, a high-alkali calcium oleate solution with a total base number (TBN) of 376 mg of KOH/g and an overbased calcium oleate solution with a value of TBN ) 420 mg of KOH/g could be obtained.
Protective fabrics with air-permeable and flexible features are crucial for practical application in the detoxification of chemical warfare agents (CWAs). Zr-based metal−organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs) are desirable to exhibit outstanding degradation toward CWAs. However, generally, MOFs with powders cannot afford the utilization as a protective layer directly; meanwhile, it is still a puzzling challenge to integrate MOFs with textiles efficiently. Herein, we develop a scalable and controllable strategy to fabricate UiO-66-NH 2 on electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers (UiO-66-NH 2 fabrics) firmly and uniformly to capture and catalyze 2chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) effectively for self-detoxification. The obtained UiO-66-NH 2 fabrics are greatly capable of specific surface area, ample porosity, excellent crystallinity, and abundant catalytic active sites. Consequently, CEES can be removed efficiently up to 97.7% after 48 h by reaction and adsorption. The degradation products mainly including ethyl-2-hydroxyethyl sulfide, ether, bis [2-(ethylthio)ethyl], and 2-(2-(ethylthio)ethylamino) terephthalic acid are detected. Moreover, the obtained nanofibrous fabrics possess air-permeable, washable, and flexible as well as lightweight merits, totally ensuring their promising engineering applications for protective clothing.
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