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BackgroundScutellarin is a natural flavone compound that possesses anti-tumor and chemosensitization effects in several cancers. However, the effects of scutellarin on metastasis and chemoresistance in glioma have not been illustrated.MethodsGlioma cells were treated with scutellarin in the presence or absence of LY294002. Cell proliferation was measured using a Cell Proliferation BrdU ELISA kit. Cell migration and invasion were analyzed using transwell assay. The expressions of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin, p-PI3K, PI3K, p-AKT, AKT, p-mTOR and mTOR were measured using Western blot. Furthermore, cells were incubated in the presence of cisplatin with or without the pretreatment of scutellarin. Cell viability was detected by the MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was measured using a histone/DNA ELISA detection kit. The expressions of ABCB1 and ABCG2 were detected using Western blot.ResultsIn the present study, we found that scutellarin inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioma cells. Scutellarin induced E-cadherin expression and reduced the expressions of N-cadherin, and vimentin in glioma cells. Our results also revealed that scutellarin enhanced chemosensitivity to cisplatin, as evidenced by the decreased cell viability to cisplatin and induced cell apoptosis. Moreover, scutellarin inhibited the expressions of ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 and ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 in cisplatin-resistant glioma cells. Scutellarin also prevented the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway.ConclusionThe data suggested that scutellarin suppressed metastasis and chemoresistance in glioma cells. Scutellarin might be a new therapeutic approach for the glioma therapy.

Calcineurin B-like protein 9 (CBL9) plays important roles in response to ABA, K + deprivation in plants. However, whether CBL9 modulates plant adaptation to low-temperature stress is elusive. In this study, we demonstrated that the cbl9 mutants increased freezing tolerance under both cold-acclimating and nonacclimating conditions in Arabidopsis. Cold-induced changes of cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ] cyt ) were then monitored by aequorin-expressed Arabidopsis plants. The results showed that the cold-triggered increases in [Ca 2+ ] cyt levels in cbl9 mutants were clearly higher than those in wild type (WT) plants, while cold-affected changes in free calcium concentration within cytosolic microdomains adjacent to the vacuolar membrane ([Ca 2+ ] md ) in cbl9 mutants were similar to those in WT plants. In addition, treatments of seedlings with Ca 2+ chelator ethylene glycol-bis(2aminoethylether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and Ca 2+ channel blocker lanthanum chloride markedly inhibit changes of [Ca 2+ ] cyt in cbl9 mutants, while the inhibition of calcium release by lithium chloride from intracellular pools demonstrated consistent suppression of [Ca 2+ ] cyt in cbl9 mutants and WT plants. Together, these results indicate that CBL9 negatively modulates cold tolerance through decreasing [Ca 2+ ] cyt in Arabidopsis. ARTICLE HISTORY

The tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) family is a group of proteins that are implicated in a plethora of pathological conditions.

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According to published estimates, pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2) was expressed in low amounts in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) compared with the control health humans.