In 1993, Mats Alvesson published 'Organizations as Rhetoric'. In his paper, Alvesson proposed that knowledge was ambiguous and that rhetoric was therefore critical to the construction and operation of institutions and organizations. Moreover, he argued that in such an ambiguous and thus rhetorical world, knowledge operated as an institutionalized myth and rationality surrogate. Alvesson's insights helped inspire and initiate one of the most promising and growing areas of institutional research: rhetorical institutionalism. Rhetorical institutionalism is the deployment of linguistic approaches in general and rhetorical insights in particular to explain how institutions both constrain and enable agency. In this paper, we trace these original insights and discuss the benefits of continuing the integration of rhetorical ideas in institutional research. In addition, we propose and develop a rhetorical model of institutionalism that can spearhead research and conclude with some direct suggestions for future research.

Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) is an elastomer with potential biomedical applications but it suffers from problems with irreproducible synthesis and the unacceptable toxicity of very soft PGS elastomers. To establish the reason for these problems, PGS was synthesized using different temperatures and reaction times, and the reaction was monitored by titration of the unreacted carboxylic groups and measurement of the mass loss during synthesis. It was found that evaporation of glycerol was a major cause of irreproducibility of the elastomer synthesis and this was more significant at higher reaction temperatures. The polymer microstructure was analysed using NMR spectroscopy and all twelve acylglyceride 13C‐signals as well as two small extra peaks of the residual glycerol were observed for the pre‐polymer. For the PGS gel, the glyceride moieties were characterized using NMR spectroscopy for the first time. The modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the gel increased with longer cure times and at higher cure temperatures while the elongation to break decreased and this was interpreted in terms of network theory. The cell viability of mouse fibroblasts was better for PGS samples with a higher conversion.© 2012 Society of Chemical Industry

Temperature is one of the controlling factors determining the chemical structure of char. We employed advanced solid-state 13 C NMR techniques to characterize maple wood and its chars produced under N 2 at temperatures from 300 to 700 °C. Our results indicated that 300 °C char was primarily composed of residues of biopolymers such as lignin and cellulose. Carbohydrates are completely lost for char prepared at 350 °C. At 400 °C, the char lost most of the ligno-cellulosic features and consisted predominantly of aromatic structures. By 500 °C, sp 3 -hybridized carbon had all but disappeared. Protonated aromatic carbons increased up to 400 °C chars but then decreased. Aromatic C−O groups decreased, whereas nonprotonated aromatic carbons, especially bridgehead carbons, increased as temperature increased. The minimum aromatic cluster sizes estimated from spectral analysis increased from 8 carbons in 300 °C char, to 20, 18, 40, 64, and 76 carbons, respectively, in 350 °C, 400 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C, and 700 °C chars. 1 H− 13 C long-range dipolar dephasing displayed the same increasing trend of aromatic cluster sizes of wood chars with increasing temperature. We show for the first time quantitative changes of different aromatic C forms and aromatic cluster size as a function of heat treatment temperature.

Natural photosynthesis is a solar light-driven process utilized by plants to convert CO 2 and water into carbohydrate molecules. The goal of artificial photosynthesis is the reduction of CO 2 directly from air into high purity value-added products at atmospheric pressure. However, its realization, combined with deep mechanism investigation, is a huge challenge. Herein, we demonstrate that hexagonal tungsten bronze M 0.33 WO 3 (M = K, Rb, Cs) series with {010} facets, prepared by a peculiar "water-controllable releasing" solvothermal method, showed excellent full spectrum (UV, visible, and NIR lights)-induced photocatalytic CO 2 reduction performance directly from the air at ambient pressure. Particularly, after 4 h near-infrared light irradiation, ca. 4.32% CO 2 in the air could be converted into CH 3 OH with 98.35% selectivity for Rb 0.33 WO 3 . The experiments and theoretical calculations unveiled that the introduced alkali metal atom occupied the tunnel of hexagonal structure and donated more free electrons to reconstruct the electronic structure of M 0.33 WO 3 , which can enhance the polaron transition, modify the energy band structure, selectively adsorb CO 2 rather than O 2 from the air, decrease the activation energy of CO 2 reaction, and finally make the effective CO 2 reduction in the air a reality. This work may provide a new possibility for the practical application of artificial photosynthesis.

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Herein, we describe a novel approach for the rapid diagnosis of human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells with a detection limit of 100 cells mL(-1). In our strategy, the MCF-7 cells are specially recognized by mucin 1 protein (MUC-1) aptamer-functionalized gold nanorods (GNRs) through specific interactions, whose signals are simply read out by its unique localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectra.

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