Effective infection surveillance and control provides a safe environment for staff, clients and animals in the veterinary clinic. This reduces the risk of nosocomial and zoonotic infections. In addition, there is a significant risk of developing antimicrobial resistance, which is associated with both reasonable and inappropriate use of antibacterial drugs for the treatment of humans and animals, food production and the ineffectiveness of measures to control the spread of infectious diseases. Therefore, microbiological monitoring is important for the assessment of the microbial composition of the veterinary institution and the timely detection of its dynamic changes and the quality of sanitary and disinfection measures. Flushes from different surfaces were taken for research. The first stage – in the process of the clinic; the second – after disinfection. The results of bacteriological examinations of washes from the surfaces of the premises of the veterinary clinic "Impulse" in Lviv (examination, hospital and operating room) showed the presence in the samples of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. An important component of the clinic's laboratory in the infection control system is to determine the sensitivity of microorganisms in the room to antibiotics and systematic monitoring of general trends in antibiotic resistance, which will control the formation of stationary strains. The results showed that Escherichia coli is sensitive to erythromycin, cephalexin, chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, doxacycline, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and methicillin and is resistant to kanamycin, clarithromycin and amoxiclav. At the same time Staphylococcus spp. were resistant to erythromycin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, clarithromycin, amoxiclav and norfloxacin to all other drugs – sensitive. Key words: veterinary clinic, monitoring, infection control, prevention of stationary infections, resistance to antibiotics, disinfection.
There has been a massive tendency for cats to be kept as pets in Ukraine in recent years. The frequency of their diseases has also increased at the same time. Cats most often come into the homes of people from the street, from volunteers, rarely from nurseries. Due to this, Doctors often receive cats ill for microsporia, which is caused by fungi of the genus Microsporum and is one of the most common anthropozoonous diseases. The treatment process is carried out by a complex method. Analysis of the recommendations of various authors on the treatment of microsporia indicates the lack of immunostimulants in the conduct of a complex of therapeutic and preventive measures. Hematological studies were performed in order to find out the immune reactivity of the cats' organism during microsporia. The research was conducted on clinically healthy and cats ill for microspores. The obtained results of research showed that in cats with microsporia changes in morphological composition of blood were characterized by signs of anemia, leukopenia and lymphocytopenia. Changes in the structure of neutrophils were found in the type of vacuum and toxigenic grains in cats ill for microsporia. The toxic grains of neutrophils occur inside the cell as a result of physicochemical changes in the protein structure of the cytoplasm. Such cells can not provide phagocytosis of foreign agents and thus reduce the immune activity of the organism in cats ill for microsporium. A marked change in the shape of erythrocytes, which is characteristic of anemia, that is, erythrocytes-octantocytes with corneas by Jolly inclusions. Jolly's bodies are the remnants of the nucleus that have survived in erythrocytes because of the broken destruction of the normoblast nucleus. The obtained results indicate that the course and manifestation of microsporia in cats affects the immune status of the organism.
During the course of microspores on the skin, the balance between the species of saprophytic microorganisms and hypersensitivity as an integral part of the inflammatory reaction resulting from the presence of the pathogen in the skin is disturbed. The degree of expression of inflammation varies. Clinical manifestations of microsporia are manifested by erythema, alopecia, scaly and crust formation. The aim. Histological studies were performed to determine pathomorphological changes in the skin of guinea pigs during microsporia. The studies were conducted on clinically healthy and sick guinea pigs during the acute course of the disease, during regeneration and during recovery.And also carry out a description and characterization of the identified changes in the skin.The obtained research results showed that patients with microsporia had changes in the morphological composition of the skin, which were characterized by thickening and keratinization of the epidermis, there were small-focal polymorphic cell infiltrates, there was a violation of the microvasculature and the formation of micellar formations. Materials and methods. The material for histological examination(pieces of guinea pig skin) was fixed in a 10–12 % cooled solution of neutral formalin, followed by pouring into paraffin according to the scheme proposed by G.A. Merkulov (1969). Histomic sections 5–7 μm thick were made on the MC-2 dome microtome. Hematoxylin and eosin staining were used for the morphological evaluation of cells and tissue. Microscopy was performed using an OLIMPUS CX-41 microscope. Results. Signs of superficial inflammation with hyperkeratosis and desquamation of cells of the stratified epithelium, microcracks of the epidermis were found in the skin of the patient with microsporia of the tentacle during the acute course. Signs of inflammation of the follicles and surrounding tissues are visualized. Round-cell and plasma connective tissue infiltrates of the connective tissue of the skin were detected by lymphoid, histiocytic and other cellular elements. There is moderate leukocyte infiltration in the dermis. Signs of inflammation by type of infiltration around the hair follicles, enlargement of the blood capillaries and the presence of microabscesses. In the stage of regeneration during recovery, a clear contoured layer of epithelial cells is established. There are no signs of inflammatory reaction in the dermis. Conclusion. In microspores, inflammatory processes occur in all layers of the skin. The skin of sick animals loses its barrier function due to pathomorphological changes. The long-term consequences of the pathological process during the course of microspores can provoke the development of chronic dermatitis with scleroderma. During the course of microspores on the skin, the balance between the species of saprophytic microorganisms and hypersensitivity as an integral part of the inflammatory reaction resulting from the presence of the pathogen in the skin is disturbed. The degree of expression of inflammation varies. Clinical manifestations of microsporia are manifested by erythema, alopecia, scaly and crust formation. The aim. Histological studies were performed to determine pathomorphological changes in the skin of guinea pigs during microsporia. The studies were conducted on clinically healthy and sick guinea pigs during the acute course of the disease, during regeneration and during recovery.And also carry out a description and characterization of the identified changes in the skin.The obtained research results showed that patients with microsporia had changes in the morphological composition of the skin, which were characterized by thickening and keratinization of the epidermis, there were small-focal polymorphic cell infiltrates, there was a violation of the microvasculature and the formation of micellar formations.Materials and methods. The material for histological examination(pieces of guinea pig skin) was fixed in a 10–12 % cooled solution of neutral formalin, followed by pouring into paraffin according to the scheme proposed by G.A. Merkulov (1969). Histomic sections 5–7 μm thick were made on the MC-2 dome microtome. Hematoxylin and eosin staining were used for the morphological evaluation of cells and tissue. Microscopy was performed using an OLIMPUS CX-41 microscope. Results. Signs of superficial inflammation with hyperkeratosis and desquamation of cells of the stratified epithelium, microcracks of the epidermis were found in the skin of the patient with microsporia of the tentacle during the acute course. Signs of inflammation of the follicles and surrounding tissues are visualized. Round-cell and plasma connective tissue infiltrates of the connective tissue of the skin were detected by lymphoid, histiocytic and other cellular elements. There is moderate leukocyte infiltration in the dermis. Signs of inflammation by type of infiltration around the hair follicles, enlargement of the blood capillaries and the presence of microabscesses. In the stage of regeneration during recovery, a clear contoured layer of epithelial cells is established. There are no signs of inflammatory reaction in the dermis. Conclusion. In microspores, inflammatory processes occur in all layers of the skin. The skin of sick animals loses its barrier function due to pathomorphological changes. The long-term consequences of the pathological process during the course of microspores can provoke the development of chronic dermatitis with scleroderma.
Microsporіа affect different species of animals and humans. The high contagiousness of the pathogen determines the relevance of research into this disease. Microsporum canis is the pathogen that most often causes microsporia. Weakened functions of the immune system and violation of the epithelial barrier of the skin are a favourable factor that causes microspores. The main source of infection is cats, which are involved in the storage and transmission of the pathogen. To clarify the dynamics of morphological, immunological and histological changes in microsporia, blood and skin studies of guinea pigs infected with M. canis were carried out. The animals were divided into two groups of 6 guinea pigs (healthy and sick). Test material (blood and skin) was taken from clinically healthy and sick animals 21 and 42 days after infection. The number of erythrocytes and leukocytes was determined by counting them in the Goryaev chamber, the hemoglobin content – by the method of cyanide hemoglobin. The leukogram was derived based on the counting and differentiation of 200 leukocyte cells in blood smears. Material for histological examination (pieces of skin) was fixed in 10–12% cooled solution of neutral formalin, followed by pouring in paraffin according to the scheme proposed by G. A. Merkulov. The obtained results demonstrated that leukocytosis developed in guinea pigs with microsporia on the 21st and 42nd days; the number of rod-shaped neutrophils increased, that of segmental neutrophils decreased, and that of ESR increased. The immune response to the course of microsporia was manifested in an increase in the percentage of T-lymphocytes, T-suppressors and a decrease in T-helper cells and an increase in T-killers compared with healthy animals. Histological examination showed that on the 21st day after infection, hyphae and spores of the fungus M. canis were localized in the skin. There is swelling of the dermis, stratification of collagen fibers and the accumulation of inflammatory infiltrates around the hair follicles. On the 42nd day, the infiltration spread and dystrophic changes in the skin occurred in the form of desquamation of the epidermis and the formation of acanthosis and hyperkeratosis on the surface of the dermis. The conducted research will allow further assessment of the course of microsporia under the action of various drugs and help establish the most effective method of treatment.
Microsporia is the most common disease of fungal etiology, most often caused by the pathogen Microsporum canis. Treatment of this disease requires a comprehensive approach, because the disease is dangerous to humans. Therefore, in the treatment of microspores, it is important not only to carry out therapeutic measures, but also to prevent the spread of the pathogen of the fungus in the environment and increase the immune status of the organism in the fight against infection. The main source of infection is cats. In order to determine the effectiveness of treatment of microsporia by various methods, studied of the blood and skin of guinea pigs infected with the pathogen M. canis. Sick animals were divided into three groups. The first group was treated with the systemic antifungal itraconazole and topical treatment with a solution of clotrimazole. Treatment of the second group was performed with a topical antifungal agent (1% solution of clotrimazole) with vaccination with the antifungal vaccine “Vakderm”. For the third group, the developed drugs were used – antifungal agent “Micromar” and immunostimulant “Biogluk”. During treatment, hematological and immunological blood researches and histological skin examinations were performed. During treatment with antifungal drugs (itraconazole and clotrimazole) the number of leukocytes decreases from 11.13 ± 0.72 to 7.13 ± 0.22, rod-shaped neutrophils from 15.76 ± 1.29 to 5.50 ± 0.76, and segmental increases from 12.17 ± 1.47 to 24.17 ± 2.27, decreases ESR from 5.67 ± 0.67 to 2.33 ± 0.42, which occurs when inhibiting the inflammatory response of the organism to infection. Thrombocytopenia (from 231.17 ± 7.60 to 184.33 ± 7.65) and eosinophilia (from 2.70 ± 0.73 to 7.33 ± 1.33) are also noted. There is a slight increase in T-helpers and a decrease in T-suppressors. Histologically, the infiltration of the dermis by histiocytes and eosinophils under skin persists. In the treatment of microsporia by treatment with 1 % solution of clotrimazole and vaccination with the vaccine “Vakderm” the results of studies showed that the number of leukocytes decreases from 11.13 ± 0.72 to 5.35 ± 0.31 (P < 0.01), rod-shaped neutrophils from 15.76 ± 1.29 to 7.67 ± 0.56, and segmental increases from 12.17 ± 1.47 to 22.17 ± 0.91 (P < 0.001), decreases). The number of T-helpers is increasing. The histological picture on day 7 is characterized by hyperkeratosis, and on day 14 the hyperemia of the basal layer of the epidermis persists. When using the antifungal drug “Micromar” and immunostimulant “Biogluk” the results of studies showed that the number of leukocytes decreases from 11.13 ± 0.72 to 6.95 ± 0.10, rod-shaped neutrophils from 15.76 ± 1.29 to 6.17 ± 0.65, and segmental increases from 12.17 ± 1.47 to 22.00 ± 0.86, decreases ESR from 5.67 ± 0.67 to 2.17 ± 0.31. Increases the number of T-helpers and the number of natural killers and T-suppressors is gradually decreasing. Histological changes are presented in the form of dilation of blood vessels and visualization of single erythrocytes in the dermis on day 14 of treatment.
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