No abstract

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has been circulating in Ukraine since 2014 and induces an especially dangerous viral infection with a lethal diarrheal syndrome in newborn piglets, with the initial appearance at the focus of infection. The number of infected cases and lethality among diseased piglets of 1–5 days of age can reach 100%, which together with the forced anti-epizootic measures brings significant economic losses. PED can spread to all pigs, but the emergent quality of infectious pathology appears in newborn piglets. No effective and biologically safe means of specific antiviral prophylaxis, which substantially halts the epizootic process is registered, and etiopathogenetic therapy is not developed, therefore PED is an emergent infection which is difficult tocontrol. Over time there appear stationary foci of infection, where evolutionary changes in relationships in the host-parasite system take place fairly rapidly, since pigs are prolific and fast maturing animals able to replace each generation up to three times each year. This leads to a significant variability in interpopulation relationships and the induction of biodiversity in the molecular mechanisms of adaptation and processing of the viral genome. Clinically, genetic modifications of local variants of PEDV – populations are manifested in the form of changes in epizootic peculiarities in the course of infectious pathology in different age groups of animals. Modifications of PEDV may be accompanied by a slight weakening of the intensity of the infectious process, a decrease in mortality and a decrease in the severity of the pathogenesis of diarrheal syndrome. At the same time, the age range of severe abdominal lesions expands from newborn piglets to fattening animals of older age groups of 28, 32, 70 days. Using a set of measures to combat the PED, including “reverse feeding” recycled infected biomaterial from convalescent pigs, eradication of the pathogen from the environment of the host macroorganisms through a total disinfection regime and strict compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules of animal husbandry provide temporary positive results, but in theory this approach is incorrect, since contamination of animals leads to the dispersal of the virus and the formation of endemic foci of infection. The persistence of the virus in convalescent organisms is not fixed, the external inanimate environment can only be a mechanical factor in transmission of the pathogen preserving the viability of PEDV over time. Stabilization of the epizootic foci of infection is possible due to three factors: a) dissemination of the virus in “reverse feeding”; b) preservation of the virus in the external environment as a result of poor-quality disinfection; c) occurrence of a non-immune element among the convalescent young gilts, who as a result of juvenile insufficiency of the immune system have a low titer accumulation of colostral antibodies to the virus received in the biomaterial through reverse feeding. Due to the lack of “lactogenic immunity”, neonatal pigs as biological indicators for the presence of PEDV in the environment begin reproducing the virus in the enterocytes and develop a typical diarrheal syndrome PED.

The method of biomonitoring of natural reservoirs by diagnosing early violations in the most sensitive components of hydrobiological groups has been proved. Morphometric parameters of the liver of the family Cyprinidae fish are used as biotest-system for ecological analysis.Taking into account morphometric indexes of fish internal parenchymatous organs, the possibility of predicting the toxic substances influence on the aboriginal ichthyofauna state, has been determined. It has been established that protoplasmic and hemolytic toxicants violate cellular metabolism, causing dystrophy of liver cells in fish. Morphoanalysis of the parameters of the liver of the family Cyprinidae fish, as the most widespread object of the ichthyofauna, is used as the basis for indicating in the system of biomonitoring of the water environment quality to the action of external factors and timely prevention of existing danger.The results obtained serve as the basis for the development of environmental measures to assess and optimize the ecological conditions for the conservation of biological diversity of the ecosystem.

Effective infection surveillance and control provides a safe environment for staff, clients and animals in the veterinary clinic. This reduces the risk of nosocomial and zoonotic infections. In addition, there is a significant risk of developing antimicrobial resistance, which is associated with both reasonable and inappropriate use of antibacterial drugs for the treatment of humans and animals, food production and the ineffectiveness of measures to control the spread of infectious diseases. Therefore, microbiological monitoring is important for the assessment of the microbial composition of the veterinary institution and the timely detection of its dynamic changes and the quality of sanitary and disinfection measures. Flushes from different surfaces were taken for research. The first stage – in the process of the clinic; the second – after disinfection. The results of bacteriological examinations of washes from the surfaces of the premises of the veterinary clinic "Impulse" in Lviv (examination, hospital and operating room) showed the presence in the samples of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. An important component of the clinic's laboratory in the infection control system is to determine the sensitivity of microorganisms in the room to antibiotics and systematic monitoring of general trends in antibiotic resistance, which will control the formation of stationary strains. The results showed that Escherichia coli is sensitive to erythromycin, cephalexin, chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, doxacycline, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and methicillin and is resistant to kanamycin, clarithromycin and amoxiclav. At the same time Staphylococcus spp. were resistant to erythromycin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, clarithromycin, amoxiclav and norfloxacin to all other drugs – sensitive. Key words: veterinary clinic, monitoring, infection control, prevention of stationary infections, resistance to antibiotics, disinfection.

Significant and unlimited use of antibacterial drugs, leads to their accumulation in the aquatic environment, tissues of fish, and, accordingly, in fish products. The problem of residual amounts of antibacterial drugs in raw materials and food products is relevant not only in Ukraine but also in the whole world. The purpose of the work was to conduct monitoring researches of frozen fish on the content of antibacterial substances residues. The presence of residual amounts of anti-bacterial substances was carried out by a screening method for the determination of antibiotics in products of animal origin РХ/МС/МС and the microbiological method. It was established that in the trading network frozen fish was sold, which contained 10.5 ± 0.3% of the remainder of the antibacterial substance. The most frequently imported frozen fish in Ukraine were antimicrobials from the group of antibiotics of the first generation aminoglycosides (apramicin, kanamycin, gentamicin, spectinomycin, paromomycin) – 46.4 ± 0.7% of cases and supply dixic acid at 19.0 ± 0.2%. In 11% of cases, in frozen fish, the remains of sulfamide antimicrobial agents – sulfaphenazole. Antibiotics of the penicillin number: penicillin, amoxicillin and nafcillin, despite the presence of antimicrobial activity, mainly in relation to gram-positive micro flora, were found in the total number of 11.1 ± 0.2% of cases. In the smallest number of samples of frozen fish, antibiotics of the tetracycline group – tetracycline in 1.6 ± 0.1% of cases were detected. The largest numbers of antibacterial substances were detected from 11.2 ± 0.2 to 14.4 ± 0.2% for argentine and flatfish species. In such pelagic species of fish as lakerda, mackerel, capelin and mackerel, antibiotics were detected in an equal number, in about 10% of the examined samples. Almost 8% of samples of frozen fish like salmon contain antibacterial substances. In addition, equally in 6.3 ± 0.2% of the examined samples, veterinary drugs were found in oceanic fish such as herring and red-eyed fish. In the smallest amount, up to 5% showed antimicrobial substances in sea fish such as dorado and pink salmon. The presences of antibacterial substances in the investigated fish samples, which are not stipulated by the EU Regulation No. 37/2010, have been identified. Consequently, there was a need to provide in the “State monitoring plan for residues of veterinary drugs, pollutants and toxicants in products of animal origin” a study to determine the residual amounts of antibacterial substances and antibiotics to increase the safety of fish imported into Ukraine.