Two types of cDNAs coding for a major component of carp egg membrane were clones from a carp ovarian cDNA library. They encode polypeptides of 422-424 amino acid residues whose sequences are homologous to those of medaka and mammalian ZP3. Similar to the mammalian ZP3 genes, carp ZP3 gene also consists of eight exons and seven introns. Carp ZP3 genes are 2.9 kb in length and present in multiple forms. Carp ZP3 is a glycoprotein of 45 kDa. It was transcribed and translated exclusively in oocytes, in contrast with medaka ZP3, which was synthesized in liver. The transcription of carp ZP3 starts very early in oogenesis, but translation occurs during vitellogenesis, as it is present in vitellogenic but not in previtellogenic oocytes. ZP3 content in oocytes increases as vitellogenesis proceeds.
Because enriching grid applications is crucial to promote grid computing and grid economy, in this paper we focus on how to attract expert system programmers to run their applications on grid systems. CLIPS is a rule-based language designed to help construct expert systems more easily because it is not required to design an algorithm to solve any problem. Instead, it relies on the CLIPS inference engine to draw a conclusion from the known facts and rules. However, because of the language's characteristics, it is very time-consuming to execute a CLIPS application when compared with other algorithmic languages. To address the problem, we propose to execute a CLIPS-based expert system in parallel by emerging cluster and grid systems in this paper. To achieve the goal, CLIPS has to be extended with new syntax to be a parallel version. In addition, we propose to adopt the SPMD computational model for programming to maintain parallel CLIPS applications in an easier way. According to experimental results, it is appealing to run CLIPS-based expert systems in parallel on cluster and grid systems by adopting our approach because the performance improvements can be superlinear.
Visual fatigue is commonly encountered in modern life. Clinical visual fatigue characteristics caused by 2-D and 3-D animations may be different, but have not been characterized in detail. This study tried to distinguish the differential effects on visual fatigue caused by 2-D and 3-D animations. A total of 23 volunteers were subjected to accommodation and vergence assessments, followed by a 40-min video game program designed to aggravate their asthenopic symptoms. The volunteers were then assessed for accommodation and vergence parameters again and directed to watch a 5-min 3-D video program, and then assessed again for the parameters. The results support that the 3-D animations caused similar characteristics in vision fatigue parameters in some specific aspects as compared to that caused by 2-D animations. Furthermore, 3-D animations may lead to more exhaustion in both ciliary and extra-ocular muscles, and such differential effects were more evident in the high demand of near vision work. The current results indicated that an arbitrary set of indexes may be promoted in the design of 3-D display or equipments.
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