The results of systematic monitoring in Ukraine of drought manifestations by the method of generalization of spring, summer and autumn droughts conducted by I. Ye. Buchynsky for 1872-1969 and our meteorological generalizations by types of weather (1951-1984) and clearly expressed zonal climate changes (1985-2006) and statistical and local signs of climate aridization at the meteorological station in the northern part of the Forest-Steppe (" Shepherds ") – 2006-2020, covering a total historical period of 150 years. According to the spatial distribution of droughts, determined by a single method, from 1982 to the late 60s of the twentieth century. Mainly in the south of Ukraine, in 2 years. The number of moderate and extensive droughts since the early twentieth century. (11-30 % of the area of distribution), characteristic of the summer period, and they are repeated in the south in 4-5 years. Catastrophic droughts (more than 50%) are characteristic of large areas for every tenth year, which, since the last quarter of the nineteenth century and to the 50s of the twentieth century. Ended in famine for the population (especially the droughts of 1891, 1921, 1947). Subsequent droughts in 1963 and 1968 were characterized by abnormal weather conditions, but without a food crisis, which was associated with the beginning of chemicalization and the increase in agricultural crops. Meteorological indicators of six stations in different climatic zones for 1951-1981 and 1985-2008 indicate a zonal systematic increase in positive air temperatures with decreasing precipitation, the deficit of which is compensated by the system of agriculture with moderate saturation of organic and mineral fertilizers, which have a stabilizing effect extreme years. From the last quarter of the twentieth century. Climate change has been identified, which is related not only to the greenhouse effect, but also to the frequency that depends on the ecliptic of the globe. Particularly noticeable climate change in recent decades, accompanied by a systematic increase in air temperature and increasing aridity of the climate, and requires humanity to new technical and technological solutions.
The results of investigations on studying of the impact of agromeasures at the functioning of microbial communities in chernozem typical has been shown. The aim of article was a comparative analysis of the functioning of bacterial and fungal microbiota in sugar beet rhizosphere at the application of biological and intensive (industrial) agrarian systems during culture ontogenesis. We applied a microbial (identification of microorganism’s number and their qualitative composition), ecological (ecological index calculation), biochemical (estimation of the microbial biomass and metabolic coefficient) and statistical (establishing the results probability) research methods is to achieve of this purpose. The application of agromeasures are significant impact on microbial communities in chernozem typical in sugar beet rhizosphere during ontogeny and are caused the change of trophic relationships and different direction of microbial processes in soil has been established. The phase of plant development is also had a significant impact on the activity of soil microorganisms functioning. The number of root exudates is increased and plant debrises are accumulated in the soil during sugar beet ontogeny. It is promotes to the growth of numbers, biomass and diversity of microbial communities’ in chernozem typical and consequently intensification of soil organic matter transformation. Thus the application of biological agrarian system compared to intensive is helped to optimization of soil microbial complex. It is accompanied the increasing of the number, diversity and content of microbial biomass and growth of microbial groups resistance. This helps to enhance of microbial transformation of organic matter and improve of soil trophic metabolic profile. The use of intensive agrarian system are involved the reducing of the number, diversity and biomass of microorganisms, that accompanied by a simplification of trophic relationships and deregulation of plant-microbe systems.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ РІЗНОМАНІТТЯ ЕУБАКТЕРІАЛЬНОГО КОМПЛЕКСУ РИЗОСФЕРИ БУРЯКА ЦУКРОВОГО (BETA VULGARIS) ПРИ ЗАСТОСУВАННІ РІЗНИХ АГРОЗАХОДІВ У статті проаналізовано особливості формування кількісного складу, різноманіття морфотипів, структуру розподілу домінуючих форм еубактеріального комплексу в ризосфері буряка цукрового та визначено їх екологічні індекси різноманіття. Вперше в умовах Лісостепу України методом піросеквенування виявлено та оцінено метагеном прокаріотів чорнозему типового, значну частку яких становили форми, що не детектуються класичними мікробіологічними методами. Встановлено, що застосування біологічної та екологічної систем землеробства обумовлює високий рівень різноманіття мікроорганізмів, а промислова система призводить до збіднення їх поліморфізму.
Objective. To evaluate the functional activity of entomopathogenic strains of Bacillus thuringiensis 87 and 800 during bioassay on the target object — the Colorado beetle population depending on the characteristics of bacterial cultivation. Methods. Microscopic, microbiological (to cultivate bacteria on different media and determine the spore titre), bioassay (on the larvae of the natural population of Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say during the period of dominance of the younger age (L1–2), model laboratory and field experiments with potatoes (to determine the degree of entomocidity of the studied strains), weight (to estimate the yield of potatoes during continuous harvesting from plots), biochemical (to determine the content of starch and sugar in potato tubers), statistical. The entomocidal activity of the spore-crystal complex of bacteria was calculated according to Abbott and Franz. Results. The highest productive yield of entomocidal components in liquid presentations of B. thuringiensis occurs on yeast-polysaccharide and cabbage digest media (spore titre ranges from 2.2 to 3.1 billion/mL and 3.6 and 4.7 billion/mL, respectively). According to the entomocidal activity against the larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. (L1–4), strains of B. thuringiensis 800 and 87 demonstrated effective parameters from 96.0% and higher at Day 10 of the laboratory experiment. In field conditions, the high functionality of B. thuringiensis 87 (entomocidal activity 95.0–98.0 %), which is not inferior to the chemical variant of spraying potato plants (Koginor, where the death of larvae at Day 7–10 is 96.0–99.0 %). Conclusion. As a result of the conducted research, the efficiency of the use of natural strains of B. thuringiensis 87 and 800 in the formation of potato plant protection systems against phytophages Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say was proven. This confirms high potential of justified application of these strains in agricultural production.
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