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Appendix Figure 1: Correlation between tariffs in 2001 and tariff changes during 2001-2005 at the HS-6 product level 0 50 100 Tariff reduction during 2001-2005 (%) 0 50 100 150 HS 6-digit Tariffs in 2001 (%)

This paper “opens a black box” in examining how and under what conditions do firms achieve productivity gains by exporting, conventionally known as the learning-by-exporting (LBE) effect. We extend the current theoretical paradigm by proposing that exporters utilize strategic decisions pertinent to innovativeness, production capability, and human capital so as to leverage knowledge and resources obtained from exporting in order to achieve productivity gains. We test and validate our hypotheses with panelized data of roughly 250,000 Chinese firms over a 7-year period (2001-2007). We also show that the salience of these mediation mechanisms is contingent upon ownership structure and industry characteristics: Non-state-owned enterprises and firms in industries with medium export intensity or medium and high new product development intensity effectuate more learning through these conduits than their counterparts. The multimediation mechanism LBE model offers useful implications for academia, practitioners, and policy makers.

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HGM was present in fewer patients undergoing upper GI endoscopy, and it was more often present in men. A careful endoscopic examination is required to diagnose HGM, and it should be supported with a biopsy when indicated.

SMP is equally effective as Miniperc in the treatment of moderate renal calculi, and has the significant advantage in hospital duration and tubeless rate.

Myostatin is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass. The present study cloned the 5' regulatory region of porcine myostatin gene, screened its polymorphisms and analyzed their associations with early growth traits in Yorkshire pigs. The results indicated that a fragment length polymorphism and a polymorphism concerning two nucleotide changes exist in the 5' regulatory region of porcine myostatin gene. At sites 435 and 447, allele A and allele B have the haplotypes of A-G and G-A, respectively. The allelic frequency of B is 0.475 in Yorkshire pigs. No homozygous BB genotype was detected in 9 Laiwu Black pigs. Allele B was found to have positive effect on body weight on day 21 (BW21) (P<0.01), body weight on day 28 (BW28) (P<0.05), body weight on day 70 (BW70) (P<0.05), average daily gain from birth to 21 d (ADG1) (P<0.01), average daily gain from birth to 28 d (ADG2) (P<0.05) and average daily gain from 21 d to 70 d (ADG3) (P<0.01), respectively. The additive effect of allele B on BW21, BW28, BW70, ADG1, ADG2 and ADG3 was 0.596+/-0.205 kg (P=0.0041), 0.498+/-0.200 kg (P=0.0136), 1.409+/-0.551 kg (P=0.0112), 28.39+/-9.74 g P=0.0041), 17.78+/-7.15 g (P=0.0136) and 37.00+/-16.92 g (P=0.0304), respectively, whereas its effect on average daily gain from 28 d to 70 d (ADG4) was not significant (P>0.1), although BB individuals are superior in average daily gain to AA and AB.

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