Sonoporation refers to the use of ultrasound and acoustic cavitation to temporarily enhance the permeability of cellular membranes so as to enhance the delivery efficiency of therapeutic agents into cells. Microbubble-based ultrasound contrast agents are often used to facilitate these cavitation effects. This study used nanodroplets to significantly enhance the effectiveness of sonoporation relative to using conventional microbubbles. Significant enhancements were demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo by using gold nanorods encapsulated in nanodroplets for implementing plasmonic photothermal therapy. Combined excitation by ultrasound and laser radiation is used to trigger the gold nanodroplets to induce a liquid-to-gas phase change, which induces cavitation effects that are three-to-fivefold stronger than when using conventional microbubbles. Enhanced cavitation also leads to significant enhancement of the sonoporation effects. Our in vivo results show that nanodroplet-vaporization-assisted sonoporation can increase the treatment temperature by more than 10 °C above that achieved by microbubble-based sonoporation.
This study develops a micro-structured hydrophobic alumina hollow fiber with a high permeate flux of 60 Lm −2 h −1 and salt rejection over 99.9% in a vacuum membrane distillation process. The fiber is fabricated by phase inversion and sintering, and then modified with fluoroalkylsilanes to render it hydrophobic. The influence of the sintering temperature and feeding temperature in membrane distillation (MD) on the characteristics of the fiber and MD performance are investigated. The vacuum membrane distillation uses 3.5 wt % NaCl aqueous solution at 70 °C at 0.03 bar. The permeate flux of 60 Lm −2 h −1 is the highest, compared with reported data and is higher than that for polymeric hollow fiber membranes.
Foldable AMOLED enable some component technologies integration and continuously improvement. A roll to roll process integrated cover window with circular polarizer show the high mechanical strength and R3mm folding ability with AMOLED panel. And also, the advanced solution‐coated gas barrier is proposed to OLED thin film encapsulation for new flexible AMOLED form factor applications.
The narrow-bandgap Sb-based semiconductors find their potential in various kinds of device applications such as high-speed, low-power transistors and mid-infrared diode lasers. However, epitaxial growth on the substrates that are commercially available in large sizes (for example, GaAs and Si) faces the fundamental challenge of lattice mismatch. Different from the conventional metamorphic growth employing a thick buffer, we adopt the approach of transforming an ultrathin epitaxial aluminum (Al) nanofilm into epitaxial AlSb to serve as the template for growth of antimonide structures. It is found that the process named "antimonidation" plays a critical role in Sb-based metamorphic growth. Our experimental results provide practical usefulness for growing semiconductor devices on lattice-mismatched substrates without using thick metamorphic buffer layers.
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