The building sector, including building operations and
materials,
was responsible for the emission of ∼11.9 gigatons of global
energy-related CO2 in 2020, accounting for 37% of the total
CO2 emissions, the largest share among different sectors.
Lowering the carbon footprint of buildings requires the development
of carbon-storage materials as well as novel designs that could enable
multifunctional components to achieve widespread applications. Wood
is one of the most abundant biomaterials on Earth and has been used
for construction historically. Recent research breakthroughs on advanced
engineered wood products epitomize this material’s tremendous
yet largely untapped potential for addressing global sustainability
challenges. In this review, we explore recent developments in chemically
modified wood that will produce a new generation of engineered wood
products for building applications. Traditionally, engineered wood
products have primarily had a structural purpose, but this review
broadens the classification to encompass more aspects of building
performance. We begin by providing multiscale design principles of
wood products from a computational point of view, followed by discussion
of the chemical modifications and structural engineering methods used
to modify wood in terms of its mechanical, thermal, optical, and energy-related
performance. Additionally, we explore life cycle assessment and techno-economic
analysis tools for guiding future research toward environmentally
friendly and economically feasible directions for engineered wood
products. Finally, this review highlights the current challenges and
perspectives on future directions in this research field. By leveraging
these new wood-based technologies and analysis tools for the fabrication
of carbon-storage materials, it is possible to design sustainable
and carbon-negative buildings, which could have a significant impact
on mitigating climate change.
The fluid seepage in saturated zone of subgrade promotes the migration of fine particles in the filler, resulting in the change of pore structure and morphology of the filler and the deformation of solid skeleton, which affects the fluid seepage characteristics. Repeatedly, the muddy interlayer, mud pumping, and other diseases are finally formed. Based on the theory of two-phase seepage, the theory of porous media seepage, and the principle of effective stress in porous media, a two-phase fluid-solid coupling mathematical model in saturated zone of subgrade considering the effects of fine particles migration is established. The mathematical model is numerically calculated with the software COMSOL Multiphysics®. The two-phase seepage characteristics and the deformation characteristics of the solid skeleton in saturated zone of the subgrade are studied. The research results show that the volume fraction of fine particles first increases then decreases and finally becomes stable with the increase of time, due to the continuous erosion and migration of fine particles in saturated zone of the subgrade. The volume fraction of fine particles for the upper part of the subgrade is larger than that for the lower part of the subgrade. The porosity, the velocity of fluid, the velocity of fine particles, and the permeability show a trend of increasing first and then stabilizing with time; the pore water pressure has no significant changes with time. The vertical displacement increases first and then decreases slightly with the increase of time, and finally tends to be stable. For the filler with a larger initial volume fraction of fine particles, the maximum value of the volume fraction of fine particles caused by fluid seepage is larger, and the time required to reach the maximum value is shorter. It can be concluded that the volume fraction of fine particles in the subgrade filler should be minimized on the premise that the filler gradation meets the requirements of the specification in actual engineering.
Yttria doped ceria display higher ionic conductivity and stabilized phase which possess more advantage for solid oxide fuel cells. By using molecular dynamics simulation, the lattice parameter and oxygen conductivity of Ce1-xYxO2-x/2 (x = 0 - 0.65) at 1273 k have been investigated. Lattice parameters and ionic conductivity both increase with yttria doping while x < 0.15 but over doping of yttria lead to a decreasing trend on them. It is suggested that the closing distance of cation-anion is responsible for this decreasing. The coordination numbers of cations were also analyzed. The results showed that the vacancies prefer to locate near Y ions and vacancy ordering is independent with vacancy content.
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