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In recent years more and more studies are focused on trust management of vehicle ad-hoc networks (VANETs). However, little attention has been given to the issue of location privacy of the existing trust methodologies in the literature. Although traffic safety remains to be the most crucial issue in VANETs, location privacy can be just as important for drivers, and neither of them can be ignored. In this paper, we propose a trust scheme which aims to thwart internal attackers in privacy enhanced VANETS. In the proposed scheme a secure broadcast authentication protocol and beacon-based trust management system are being employed to maintain the trustworthiness of vehicles. We adopt Dempster-Shafer Theory to incorporate trustworthiness of event message with vehicle trustworthiness from multiple vehicles. In order to ensure the reliability of the proposed scheme, we evaluate the performance under alteration and denial-ofservice attack models. The simulation results show that the proposed system is highly resilient to adversary attacks no matter whether it is under fixed silent period (FSP) scheme or random silent period (RSP) location privacy enhancement scheme.

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To enhance driving safety in vehicle ad-hoc networks (VANETs), vehicles periodically broadcast safety messages with information of their precise positions to others. These broadcast messages, however, make it easy to track vehicles and will likely lead to violations of personal privacy. Unfortunately, most of the current location privacy enhancement methodologies in VANETs suffer some shortcomings and do not take driving safety into consideration. In this paper, we propose a safe distance based location privacy scheme called SafeAnon, which can significantly enhance location privacy as well as traffic safety.

Background COVID-19 is an ongoing global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. As of June 2021, 5 emergency vaccines were available for COVID-19 prevention, and with the improvement of vaccination rates and the resumption of activities in each country, verification of vaccination has become an important issue. Currently, in most areas, vaccination and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test results are certified and validated on paper. This leads to the problem of counterfeit documents. Therefore, a global vaccination record is needed. Objective The main objective of this study is to design a vaccine passport (VP) validation system based on a general blockchain architecture for international use in a simulated environment. With decentralized characteristics, the system is expected to have the advantages of low cost, high interoperability, effectiveness, security, and verifiability through blockchain architecture. Methods The blockchain decentralized mechanism was used to build an open and anticounterfeiting information platform for VPs. The contents of a vaccination card are recorded according to international Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resource (FHIR) standards, and blockchain smart contracts (SCs) are used for authorization and authentication to achieve hierarchical management of various international hospitals and people receiving injections. The blockchain stores an encrypted vaccination path managed by the user who manages the private key. The blockchain uses the proof-of-authority (PoA) public chain and can access all information through the specified chain. This will achieve the goal of keeping development costs low and streamlining vaccine transit management so that countries in different economies can use them. Results The openness of the blockchain helps to create transparency and data accuracy. This blockchain architecture contains a total of 3 entities. All approvals are published on Open Ledger. Smart certificates enable authorization and authentication, and encryption and decryption mechanisms guarantee data protection. This proof of concept demonstrates the design of blockchain architecture, which can achieve accurate global VP verification at an affordable price. In this study, an actual VP case was established and demonstrated. An open blockchain, an individually approved certification mechanism, and an international standard vaccination record were introduced. Conclusions Blockchain architecture can be used to build a viable international VP authentication process with the advantages of low cost, high interoperability, effectiveness, security, and verifiability.

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