Recent observations have revealed the existence of multiple-planet systems composed of Earth-mass planets around late M dwarfs. Most of their orbits are close to commensurabilities, which suggests that planets were commonly trapped in resonant chains in their formation around low-mass stars. We investigate the formation of multiple-planet systems in resonant chains around low-mass stars. A time-evolution model of the multiple-planet formation via pebble accretion in the early phase of the disk evolution is constructed based on the formation model for the TRAPPIST-1 system by Ormel et al. Our simulations show that knowing the protoplanet appearance timescale is important for determining the number of planets and their trapped resonances: as the protoplanet appearance timescale increases, fewer planets are formed, which are trapped in more widely separated resonances. We find that there is a range of the protoplanet appearance timescale for forming stable multiple-planet systems in resonant chains. This range depends on the stellar mass and disk size. We suggest that the protoplanet appearance timescale is a key parameter for studying the formation of multiple-planet systems with planets in resonant chains around low-mass stars. The composition of the planets in our model is also discussed.
Virtualization provides an excellent solution to resolve the portability, maintainability, development, and utilization problems in many system designs. In this paper, we are interested in energy-efficient designs for platform virtualization. In particular, we explore the computing resource mapping and the energy consumption relationship between virtual cores and physical cores when timing constraints in task executions are considered. Real-time and non-real-time task workloads are both considered in the study, where the computing needs of each virtual core are modeled with a computing server. A prototype with dynamic-voltage-scaling support is implemented based on a µ-kernel architecture. The capability and overheads of the proposed design was evaluated, for which we have encouraging results.
Java has been a very important prograniniing language, especially with the cross-platjorni characteristic. But the CIASS file format defined in the Java virtual machine specification contains many reclundancies and replications of information . These rec1undancie.s nio,st come from the "constant pool" of a CLASS jile. We propose a compact binary file format and its associated archive format, called the Jato file format and Jatar, respectively, .for the Java system. Using these two formats, many of the reclundancies can be reniovecl. We rlidn 't utilize any text compression technique in the proposed .formats, so they will not sacrifice the loading .,peed ancl thus are very suitable f o r use in the enibecliled environments. We've also iniplenientecl our class loader capable qf loading the Jato files into a regular Java virtual machine. IJsing this approach, we show that the Jato file .format is effective ancl promising while still keeping the cross-plalforni.featr*re of Java.
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