This study evaluated the antioxidant ability of Taisung No. 3 mulberry leaf extract (MLE) as well as the potential of mulberry leaf (ML)-based dietary supplementation for modulating the antioxidative status of laying hens. The results showed that the MLE had a total phenolic compound content of 7.4 ± 0.15 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight (DW) and a total flavonoid content of 4.4 ± 0.19 mg of quercetin equivalent/g DW. The 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free-radical-scavenging ability was 45.9% when 0.1 mg/mL MLE was added. The lipid oxidation inhibition ability was 43.9% when 50 mg/mL MLE was added. We subjected 96 laying hens (Hendrix Genetics) to 4 treatments, namely diets supplemented with dry ML at 0 (control), 0.5, 1, or 2% for 12 weeks. Each treatment involved 8 replicates with 3 hens each. The results indicated that the 0.5% ML-supplemented group exhibited significantly higher mRNA levels of antioxidant-regulated genes, such as Nrf2, HO-1, and GST, and significantly lower ROMO1 gene expression levels at wk 12. The serum malondialdehyde level was lower and the catalase activity and superoxide dismutase activity were higher in all the ML-supplemented groups than in the control group. The egg mass and feed conversion rate significantly improved in the ML-supplemented groups compared with the control group, and, overall, 1% ML supplementation had the most favorable effects at one to 12 weeks. The egg yolk weight, shell weight, shell strength, shell thickness, yolk color, and Haugh unit were increased among all ML-supplemented groups at one to 12 weeks. On the basis of these observations, we conclude that 0.5% ML can be used as a new feed additive to potentially modulate the antioxidative status of laying hens and improve their production performance and egg quality.
Antioxidant components, ascorbic acid, total flavonoids and total phenols are produced effectively by Armillaria mellea submerged cultures. Dried mycelia and mycelia-free broths obtained by A. mellea submerged cultures are extracted with methanol and hot water and investigated for antioxidant properties. Methanolic extracts from dried mycelia (MEM) and mycelia-free broth (MEB) and hot water extracts from dried mycelia (HWEM) by A. mellea submerged cultures show good antioxidant properties as evidenced by low EC50 values (<10 mg/mL). Total flavonoid is mainly found in hot water extracts; however, total phenol is rich in methanol and hot water extracts from mycelia. Ascorbic acid and total phenol contents are well correlated with the reducing power and the scavenging effect on superoxide anions. Total flavonoid content is dependent on the antioxidant activity and the chelating effect on ferrous ions. Total antioxidant component contents are closely related to the antioxidant activity and the scavenging superoxide anion ability. Results confirm that extracts with good antioxidant properties from fermenting products by A. mellea are potential good substitutes for synthetic antioxidants and can be applied to antioxidant-related functional food and pharmaceutical industries.
Cinnamaldehyde (CA) is a volatile plant secondary metabolite that exhibits strong anti-pathogenic activities. Nonetheless, less is known about the effect of CA on plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. In this study, we delineated the effects of CA fumigation on rice roots (Oryza Sativa L cv. TNG67) under salinity stress (200 mM NaCl). Our result showed that CA vapor significantly alleviated salinity-induced ROS accumulation and cell death. This CA-induced alleviation appears to be mediated primarily by the upregulation of proline metabolism genes, the rapid proline accumulation, and the decrease of Na + /K + ratio as early as 3 h after NaCl treatment. Of note, the activities of peroxidase (POD; EC 1.11.1.7) isozymes a and b were decreased by CA fumigation, and the activities of catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6) and superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1) were not significantly affected. Our findings suggest that CA vapor might be useful for priming rice roots to withstand salinity stress, which is more prevalent due to the ongoing global climate change. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show modulation of macro-and micro-elements as well as antioxidative factors after CA fumigation of salinity-stressed rice roots. | INTRODUCTIONA major effect of the ongoing global climate change is an increasingly frequent occurrence of high salinity in agricultural contexts, which is expected to cause severe agricultural losses (Ondrasek et al., 2022). In soil, the most common form of salinity stress is high concentrations of sodium (Na + ) and chloride (Cl À ) (Ismail et al., 2014;Ondrasek et al., 2022), which reduces water uptake and leads to osmotic stress (deficit of water) in plants ( Upadhyaya et al., 2013). The entrance and accumulation of excess salt in plants may also cause ion imbalances with deleterious consequences (i.e., ionic stress). For example, due to direct competition between Na + and K + for the same transport channels on the plasma membrane, high levels of Na + interfere with K + uptake and result in low K + levels (Tester & Davenport, 2003;Yang & Guo, 2018). Sufficient levels of intracellular K + are required to activate around 60 enzymes and bind ribosomes with tRNAs for protein synthesis (Bhandal & Malik, 1988;Tester & Davenport, 2003). Consequently, deleterious effects of salinity-induced Na + /K + imbalance are expected to contribute to negative outcomes in the rice roots. Furthermore, salinity-induced osmotic and ionic stress lead to the accumulation of toxic compounds, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). High levels of ROS (oxidative stress) cause cellular toxicity by Chung-Chih Huang and Yun-Ting Lee have contributed equally to this study.
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