In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Russian Empire played an important role in the processes of European migration. Of particular importance was the migration policy with the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Czechs, Rusins, Poles, and Slovaks, who belonged to the Austro-Hungarian population, settled mainly in the European part of the Russian Empire and engaged mainly in agriculture, while the Austrians and Germans opened industrial enterprises in the cities of Western Siberia (Governor- Generalship of the Steppes, 1882–1918). In general, there were two reasons why the Austro-Hungarians settled in Western Siberia and Turkestan: some voluntarily resettled and contributed to the economic and social development of the regions, while others had to move here as prisoners of war. However, it should be noted that in both cases, the tsarist administration did not restrict their social and legal status. The article examines the reasons for the stay of Austro-Hungarian subjects in Western Siberia and Turkestan, as well as their impact on the socio-economic situation of these regions. Austro- Hungarian immigrants, as well as immigrants from other European countries, acted as transmitters of new entrepreneurial experience, advanced technologies, and Western entrepreneurial culture. The descendants of immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian lands became part of the multinational composition of Western Siberia and Turkestan.
In the 10th to 11th centuries, the process of formation of the Oghuz tribes was under way in Central Asia. It was accompanied by the disintegration of kinship ties and the emergence of statehood. A new type of ethnic community was being formed, based on territorial and economic ties. The formation of the Oghuz Yabgu state with its political centre in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya 1 played an important role in this process. The Oghuz state, like many other nomadic empires, was not monolithic and its borders were not permanent or strictly defined. As a result of extended social conflict, the Syr Darian Yabgu state collapsed and did not withstand the attack of 1 A river in the territory of modern Kazakhstan.The Migrations of the Oghuz in the Early Medieval Period: Causes, Directions and ... 103 the neighbouring Kipchak tribes in the middle of the 11th century. This caused a new migration wave directed westward. The paper analyses the preconditions and peculiarities of the Oghuz tribes' westward migration. In addition, a comparative analysis of its economic and political consequences is carried out.
The history of the appearance of Austro-Hungarian citizens on the territory of the Russian Empire has a close connection with the development of capitalist relations in the 1880s and 1890s.Austro-Hungarian immigrants made a significant contribution to the socio-economic and cultural development of pre-revolutionary Russia in General and its individual regions in particular. The article discusses the reasons of stay citizens of Austria-Hungary in the cities of Western Siberia, as well as their impact on the socio-economic situation of this region. Austro-Hungarian settlers, as well as people from other European countries, acted in this region as a kind of translators of new business experience, advanced technologies, and Western culture. Descendants of immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian lands became part of the multi-ethnic composition of Western Siberia.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.